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The Ideology of No Ideology
On Friday, columnist David Brooks informed readers that Barack Obama's picks "are not ideological." The incoming president's key economic advisers "are moderate and thoughtful Democrats," while Hillary Clinton's foreign-policy views "are hardheaded and pragmatic."
On Saturday, the New York Times front page reported that the president-elect's choices for secretaries of State and Treasury "suggest that Mr. Obama is planning to govern from the center-right of his party, surrounding himself with pragmatists rather than ideologues."
On Monday, hours before Obama's formal announcement of his economic team, USA Today explained that he is forming a Cabinet with "records that display more pragmatism than ideology."
The ideology of no ideology is nifty. No matter how tilted in favor of powerful interests, it can be a deft way to keep touting policy agendas as common-sense pragmatism -- virtuous enough to draw opposition only from ideologues.
Meanwhile, the end of ideology among policymakers is about as imminent as the end of history.
But -- in sync with the ideology of no ideology -- deference to corporate power isn't ideological. And belief in the U.S. government's prerogative to use military force anywhere in the world is a matter of credibility, not ideology.
Ideological assumptions gain power as they seem to disappear into the prevailing political scenery. So, for instance, reliably non-ideological ideological journalists sit at the studio table every Friday night on the PBS "Washington Week" program, which is currently funded by similarly non-ideological outfits including Boeing, the National Mining Association and Constellation Energy ("the nation's largest supplier of competitive electricity to large commercial and industrial customers," with revenues of $21 billion last year).
Along the way, the ideology of no ideology can corral even normally incisive commentators. So, over the weekend, as news broke about the nominations of Timothy Geithner and Lawrence Summers to top economic posts, former Labor Secretary Robert Reich wrote an article praising "the members of Obama's new economic team." Reich declared: "All are pragmatists. Some media have dubbed them 'centrists' or 'center-right,' but in truth they're remarkably free of ideological preconception. ... They are not visionaries but we don't need visionaries when the economic perils are clear and immediate. We need competence. Obama could not appoint a more competent group."
Competence can be very good. But "free of ideological preconception"? I want to meet these guys. If they really don't have any ideological preconceptions, they belong in the book of Guinness World Records.
As for competence, it seems that claims of non-ideology often go hand-in-hand with overblown claims of economic mastery. "Geithner and Summers are credited with expertise in crisis management," economist Mark Weisbrot pointed out on Monday, "but we better hope they don't manage the current crisis like they did in East Asia, Russia, Argentina or any of the other countries that Treasury was involved in during the 1990s with their help. They helped bring on the East Asian crisis in 1997 by pressuring the governments in the region to de-regulate international financial flows, which was the main cause of the crisis. Then they insisted that all bailout money go through the IMF, and delayed aid until most of the damage was done. Then they attached damaging conditions" to the aid.
After all is said and done, the ideology of no ideology is just like any other ideology that's apt to be much better at promoting itself than living up to its pretenses. No amount of flowery rhetoric or claims of transcendent non-ideology should deter tough scrutiny. And Judge Judy's injunction should apply to the ideology of no ideology as much as to any ideology that owns up to being one: "Don't pee on me and tell me it's raining."



124 Comments so far
Show AllThank you Mr. Solomon for clearly expressing that the so-called "non-ideological" positions actually represent a "hidden in plain sight" ideology. That campaign of disinformation was beginning to seriously irritate me and it helps a little to see others are similary aware and irritated.
Norman Solomon is a good person and right on the mark with this. The "centerist" ideology is unfortunately a smokescreen for right wing, and at times far right ideology, but simply because the US mainstream media buys into it, it's supposed to be moderate. Maybe it's about as moderate as the rest of the neo con agenda-- "real moderate,"
Solomon's book, War Made Easy is outstanding.
AD
Naomi Klein, Michael Hudson, and Robert Kuttner were on www.democracynow.org today. Naomi's opening response to Amy Goodman's question about the appointments of Geithner and Summers, a "profound disappointment", echoed similarly by Hudson and Kuttner.
So please, someone explain to me as one of those annoying Nader supporters, how in the hell so many people of the progressive left, including Norman Soloman, didn't see this coming??
I get tired of that assumption that those who voted for Obama didn't see his betrayal coming. It was always with fingers crossed, and everyone I saw on CD was pretty much doing that. Nader was simply a nonstarter--see, you voted for Nader--so did that save us all?? We're all just doing what we can. I'm still (fingers double criss crossed and hope-to-die) hopeful that this will be better than the alternative, which is all a vote can accomplish.
So how is "change" EVER going to occur if people keeping voting "with fingers crossed", knowing full well that in all likelihood they will be betrayed?
rebelnow:how do you foresee or predict the process of change coming? I am asking out of curiosity. I thought not voting for Obama would result in a McCain victory. I knew Obama was centrist. So did Frances Fox Piven and Howard Zinn. Please look at Piven's article on CommonDreams from a week or more ago. "Obama Needs a Movement for Change".
rebelnow: Nader in 2000 was supposed to be getting a movement established; that's when he ran with the Greens, and there was an idea of building a party. The Greens are still doing that, and do it best at the local level. Nader ran **against** the Greens. I want to see a movment develop; voting for Nader doesn't get you there.
I hadn't read Piven's Article till now, it's a good article, though I take exception to her opening remarks regarding the election, "Whatever else the future holds, the unchallenged domination of American national government by big business and the political right has been broken." Not so, look at Obama's appointments so far, as well as "no increased taxation for the wealthy" a direct contradiction to his campaign promise.
To answer your question, "how do you see or predict the process of change coming?";
maybe Piven has the answer, in her drawing of parallels to Obama and FDR she writes,
"But I want to make a different point: FDR became a great president because the mass protests among the unemployed, the aged, farmers and workers forced him to make choices he would otherwise have avoided. He did not set out to initiate big new policies. The democratic platform of 1932 was not that much different from that of 1924 or 1928. But the rise of protest movements forced the new president and the Democratic Congress to become bold reformers."
and echoing Chomsky she quotes FDR's 1932 campaign promise to, "build from the bottom up and not from the top down, that put faith once more in the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid".
And summing she ends "Whether most Americans will have an effective voice in these policies will depend on whether we tap our unusually hidden source of power, our ability to refuse to cooperate on the terms imposed from above."
We have our work cut out for us. (I'll drop my "I told you so" arrogance). It is NOT a time to sit back and assume Obama will bring an enlightened perspective. It's clear that he is listening primarily to corporate interests, appointing hawkish advisers as well as financial advisers responsible for the deregulation now imploding the economy.
The question is, how do we refuse to cooperate on the terms imposed from above. Maybe when unemployment reaches depression era figures of 25%, and the war in Iraq and Afghanistan continue to kill and maim, we'll see the "mass unruly protests" of the 1930's. For now we need to shout as loud as possible, in as many forums as possible, back at you Obama, "we want change". If not, look for us in the streets.
rebelnow:I salute you for taking the time to read Piven's article "Obama Needs A Movement for Change". You make some really good points. I would like to point out that her article was written before the most recent, at least, appointments. I have to reread your comment, as it is full of thought. I really like your "dropping 'I told you so'". I may not agree with all you say, but I don't like arguing about "unknowables", as so often happens on CD (and other places). Frances Fox Piven has a record, of decades in length, and as Earl Caldwell, journalist on WBAI ("Caldwell's Chronicle" www.wbai.org archived free for 90days)says, "You are what your records says you are.".
I like most of your next to last sentence. I think people who can be "in the streets" do not need to wait. Civil protest in the street, can show how people feel. (My marching days are physically over, so I use other means.) It's a time for creativity (of course, when wasn't?). Again, thanks for reading the Piven article. I've sent it to friends.
rebelnow,
I appreciate your willingness to see another side of the equation.
As with NYCartist, I voted for Obama so as not to have McCain. Not that I thought (or think) that Obama is completely terrible - he actually has some good ideas and is willing to see things from different angles - but I too realized that he is a product of the dysfunctional corporate system. Some of his votes and picks make me squirm. I also realized, and wrote here on CD, that it will be up to us to raise holy hell in every venue possible. It really, absolutely, completely, is up to us.
Back at you, Obama, indeed!
"All Nature's difference keeps all Nature's peace." Alexander Pope
Some wiseass once spoke the truth: If voting could make a difference, it would be illegal.
Tell that to the Venezuelans.
BTW: S/he was a wise-ass.
"All Nature's difference keeps all Nature's peace." Alexander Pope
"If voting changed anything, it would be illegal."
The quote was from the "wise ass" Emma Goldman, an anarchist.
Well don't hold your breath, just uncross your fingers and use them in one of the many following pragmatic ways to further your end. You could cover your eyes with those fingers and then you would not see, you could cover your ears with those fingers and then you could not hear, you could cover your mouth with your fingers and then you could not speak. Heyyyy, if you are typing, then how the heck are you keeping your fingers crossed anyways???
Cheerio
Thanks for the tip on the Democracy Now show with Klein, Kuttner and Hudson. Well worth listening to.
Meanwhile, the end of ideology among policymakers is about as imminent as the end of history.
Don't tell that to former Neocon majordomo Frances Fukuyama. He wrote a bullshit tome called The End of History in which he claimed liberal values had triumphed around the world and we could all go on cruise control. Guess he never heard of Iraq or The Great Texas Worm.
Well, anyone who believes they can go on cruise control in this world is suicidal.
"All Nature's difference keeps all Nature's peace." Alexander Pope
Government arose among people to enforce terms of contracts upon victims. Religion arose to subvert the spiritual inclinations of individuals into support of the government by means of a cosmology. In industrial society, cosmology has been replaced by ideology, but its ideas are no more susceptible to inspection or to reason than the boat of Ra.
“Economics” is a ideology-ridden pseudo-science that should be moved to the occult section of the library alongside its close relative “alchemy.” Whereas alchemy sought to turn base metals into gold, economics claims to turn paper into gold.
Because, as Adam Smith pointed out, labor is the source of value in an economy and labor is governed by the laws of thermodynamics, it must follow that the economy is also bound by the laws of thermodynamics. The second law prohibits the interpretation of transactions that produce more labor, that is more value, than was input. Such surpluses cannot exist in reality and must therefore come from victims.
In providing bailouts, our government has made itself into the all-purpose victim and imposed a universal subservience upon America’s taxpayers. Clearly the sensible thing to do with any organization that demands a bailout is for the government to nationalize it. The way out of the crisis is to do what governments throughout history have done, since centuries before the term “socialism” was invented: nationalize the retail banking and residential mortgage industries.
So basically under your feet the world as you see it in America is a world of slaves, your word of course is 'victims'. Slaves to the laws of creating economic surplus, building pyramid scheme after pyramid scheme so some future generation could but ponder the economic monstrosities that were built and wonder what for? If we could tell them now would we say, we slaved for the Gods of pragmatism and bowed to the leaders who spoke for them?
Sioux Rose
CLASS ACT: It would certainly seem to the extent the public--as taxpayer--is being asked to pick up the tab for the big banks, insurance company (AIG), and car giants it SHOULD have a stake in their future productivity. How DARE They ask us to pay and offer little to nothing in return, a travesty given the salaries of the CEOS of these failing enterprises!
nice article.
I'm glad this was written. I saw a flurry of this "pragmatist, non-ideologue talk" on the news yesterday.
Pragmatism, while it does reject a prior assumptions is not the complete absence of ideology. I consider myself a socialist and a pragmatist. I'm interested in the plight of the working class, but don't hold hard and fast to any particular prescripition for the emancipation of the working class. A centrist or center right pragmatist would have corporations and monied interests in mind, but would not hold hard and fast to any particular method of helping the monied classes. What's the difference between a left-wing pragmatist and a right-wing pragmatist? The INTERESTS which they serve. What's the real difference between interest and ideology?
Good points!
Change? We have a Corporate Police State! The only 'change' we are likely to see is when
the Likud Puppet Master has either the Left or the Right hand sock puppet doing the talking.
Actually, it's the ideology of total bullshit. That's what the Dems have learned from Cheney/Rove/Bush - that We The People will believe anything our "leaders" say, no matter how painfully their actions screw us.
Today's example? The Fed is giving banks another f**king $800 billion of our money at 5-8% interest so they can loan our money back to us at 30% - and we're told it's to HELP US, because that is exactly what we want and need - more debt piled on top of the debt we can't afford. Total bullshit.
Solomon says what needs to be said nearly every time.
We are now being sold the usual bill of goods, and uncounted thousands will remain unconvinced of this, and reluctant to be so disappointed because Obama has not even been sworn in yet.
We can do nothing but guess what the best way forward is to reach progressive goals. What many progressives support, and I think Solomon is among them, is the completely reasonable position that the US political structure lends itself to a two-party system and so the only way a progressive party can become viable is if one of the two major parties goes under. And it is also completely reasonable to believe that if the Democratic Party goes under and only the Republican Party is left, the Republicans will quickly move to consolidate a fascist one-party state that has meaningless elections along with a meaningless constitution, allowing no possibility for another party to ever gain power (not without a bloody and horrific revolution anyway). We got a taste of that, a small glimpse of what it might be like, with Bush/Cheney, and it was a bit frightening. Under those positions the only reasonable way forward is to bring about the end of the Republican Party and the only way to accomplish that is electing as many Democrats as possible, no matter how distasteful that may be.
Are Democrats honest? Do they have integrity? Do they believe in the rule of law? Do they respect the constitution, particularly the Bill of Rights? Do they believe in democracy and fair elections? Do they want to improve the lives of the common people?
I believe that the answer to all the above questions is "Not much, but significantly more than the Republicans." But where they are now is not where they were decades ago or where they will be in the future. Both parties are evolving all the time just as the society and the political culture evolve. The Republicans are the more corrupt and evil and they are becoming increasingly corrupt and evil all the time, possibly through some sort of irreversible process, and may be at a point of no return, rapidly approaching a political cliff (maybe they could use a little shove?). The Democrats are following them, but there is a gap and in that gap lies the sliver of hope of an environment developing in which a progressive party could grow and become viable, just as the Republicans slip off into irrelevance and before the Democrats become as thoroughly evil as the Republicans are today.
Oh please, I supported Nader and collected signatures for him. Yes, he was the best choice. But, given the propaganda apparatus in place and the conditioning of the masses, how much chance did we have. Lets not keep beating up on people who wanted to pick the lesser of two evils. Chomsky and Solomon both advocated the picking of lesser of two evils. I don't think that invalidates their accomplishments, insight, nor stature. I'm glad that Solomon refuses to lay down to the Obama administration. It only proves his independence and value to the activist community.
Dave and Rene
We've got a couple of pragmatists with you on our hands here. Heh.
I've had eight years of ideology. I don't want any more. Anyone can see what governing by ideology will produce.
I'm beginning to think that some people wouldn't be happy no matter who was elected or who they picked.
Aside from that we have enormously more important problems to solve than a bit of ideological disappointment.
Dude! Really read the article before you comment. ;-) Your statement 'I've had eight years of ideology. I don't want any more.' was hilarious in reference-to/context-of the Solomon article, (thanks for the laugh! ) but I don't think that was what you were going for! Still it was great, made my day! :-)
Glad to provide free entertainment.
"but I don't think that was what you were going for"
You are correct! (lol)
m
AIPAC is clearly showing it's power and influence in Obama's cabinet which is sad for Americans. Instead of choosing more peace minded leaders more hawkish dual nationalists are chosen.
I don't see this as pragmatical at all. Is this Israel's government or the people of America's?
These people create (by deregulation and other measures) the crisis and then they come back as part of the solution. The US is so mired in corruption only the corrupt seem to be running the show. The taxpayers and american public pay and pay - there is no bailout for them.
I'm not certain why this seems such a revelation to Mr. Solomon. It has been clear as day since Obama emerged on the national scene that he is a mainstream politician, fully steeped in the postmodern political construct, which is one in which everything outside of mainstream discourse is tagged an "ideology". Anyone who listened to Obama's broadcast speech at the Democratic convention in 2004 could see he was being groomed for the role which he has indeed played. In fact, when some of we who post at Black Agenda Report predicted his nomination and election two years ago, we were greeted with the usual "are you kidding? He'd never live through the primaries". To which we used to respond that it's in the interest of the ruling elite to have someone with Obama's eloquence and magnetism out in front of the empire, a sort of JFK in sepia.
In August of 2006, a very interesting article on Obama's political alliances was published by Harper's Magazine called "Barack Obama Incorporated". I don't remember the author's name, but it documents Obama's ties to Archer Daniels Midland. And earlier that same summer, Obama gave an interview to the Chicago Tribune in which he projected the need for a missile strike on Iran, should it continue with its nuclear program. But these things are all ancient history, the sort of thing that gets swept under the carpet and denied during the emotions of an election year. The real factionalists, who Norman Solomon defines here as the ideologues of non-ideology, have helped obscure the actual political past of the President Elect.
Believe you me, any person who grew up Black in this country was initially excited at the prospects generated by Obama when his name started coming into national prominence four years ago. But a lot of us also know enough about the "democratic" party through decades of bitter experience and a steady feed of corporate Black figureheads in other areas of government to take anyone they bring forward not just with a grain, but the entire keg of salt. And that's why some of us, myself included, were so fiery all through this election year when the cult around Obama reached the levels of ridiculousness it reached with children's choirs and all else that nauseates.
A steady tip of the hat should go to Brother Adolph Reed, who peeped Obama back in 1996. He is the politician who Reed alludes to at the end of his essay about the corporatization of Black community politics called "Democrats I do hate" which appears in his book Class Notes.
Yes, I saw it coming when I read Obama's book audacity of hope. All ideals and his ideals alone. I knew then what we were in for as he would be up for grabs to the current ideologics of politics, pragmatically speaking of course.
Nicely put, FJ. Here is a link to the article you mentioned, "Barack Obama Incorporated."
Near the end of the article is this line: "one Washington lobbyist I spoke with was willing to point out the obvious: that big donors would not be helping out Obama if they didn't see him as a 'player.'"
I am sure Norman Solomon had the wits about him to discover much of what Ken Silverstein laid out in that article. Probably, Solomon was persuaded by the old FDR meme. In other words, that the people could lobby Obama to do the right thing once he got in power. I think the article, and subsequent bad decisions by Obama (FISA, bailout, etc.) show how highly unlikely it will be that a pressure campaign will succeed in moving Obama to represent the people.
If the American people had put up the millions in campaign donations that the corporations did for Obama, maybe it'd be a different story. But I think that's not really possible these days. The Democratic Leadership Council (corporate, right wingers in the Democratic Party) don't really want public participation and campaign donations. They like bundled corporate campaign dollars instead. The DLC essentially are Republicans in sheep's clothing.
Norman Solomon is trying to buy back a little street creds since he swallowed the Obama Koolaide. He drank it out of a fear of Republicans, but the Dem Party punchbowl still a toxic brew of corporatism and graft.
With the horrible Obama cabinet getting uglier every day, Solomon's only hope is to admit he made a mistake in stumping for a corporate stooge. As long as there's hope, he'll never admit the mistake, I suppose.
The lesson: don't compromise on your progressive ideals. It leads down the corporate rat hole. Always strive for objectivity and stay vigilant.
-TIA
Good article, but it is not really a matter of "ideology of no ideology". It's more "ideology posing as no ideology" (implicit in the article, no doubt.)
Ideology is the glue that holds the economic machine together (globalization, "market", unending economic growth, wealth manipulation). Pragmatism in the context "fixes" problems and keeps the engine running.
The root of the dilemma, in my opinion, is that the engine has proven itself to be deadly to the earth, communities, cultures, the soul; so, the pragmatic thing to do would be to figure out how to dismantle (and transform) the corporate machine with as little harm to individual lives as possible.
Is that ideological? To me, it seems that Summers and so on are the people saying to someone with cancer that with more chemo, another transfusion, more drugs we'll be able to drag it on a bit longer; whereas, what's really needed is a surgeon.
So, it is always a good idea to see assumptions clearly. We are still in the never-never land where only certain assumptions are acceptable and the way everything else is dealt with is to ignore it and pretend there *isn't* any other way of seeing things. (It's at the root of "we are pragmatists, not ideologues.") Are Obama and crew "deep" pragmatists? Not likely.
Great post.
Sioux Rose
ARVY: I am in total agreement with your 3rd paragraph, and that's what hit me this week. The preponderance of evidence is unmistable when we look at the convergence of corporate events: banks failing, the major (AIG) insurer, ditto, and now the big car companies. So what's wrong with a picture that has allowed CEOS to make off like bandits, reduce wages of the work force, and while hording so much wonder why the "workers" can't afford the products, including "sexed up" mortgages sold as bets on debt (esoteric derivatives) to the tune of TRILLIONS of dollars leveraged against what does not even exist!!! And these bandits who came up with these various and sundry schemes have their hands out for bailouts in the form of millions and billions of dollars, that, when the nation isn't bidding its blood and treasure on the WASTES of military adventurism. NONE OF IT is working, and throwing $ at what is rotten to the core, and clearly doesn't work (are we talking pragmatism?) is a recipe for greater disaster.
These people are not pragmatists for they were largely in supportive roles to bring on the debacles we now all face. As others have said, a firing squad would make more sense, or charges of TREASON in the case of some, the ones who maneuvered the banking system to become the bedfellow of stock brokers, so that BETTING ON FUTURES, treating solid assets like a casino, has BROKEN the financial safety net for so many. It all qualifies as criminal conduct, were we in a society that could still separate the just from the unjust.
Sioux Rose -- That's Arry. I only mention it because Arvy does post now and then.
(BTW, I'm a fan of your posts. They provide a kind of centering, a gravity...often keeping things from flying off into space by centrifugal force. We are more at home on a planet than in an asteroid belt.)
". So what's wrong with a picture that has allowed CEOS to make off like bandits, reduce wages of the work force, and while hording so much wonder why the "workers" can't afford the products, including "sexed up" mortgages sold as bets on debt (esoteric derivatives) to the tune of TRILLIONS of dollars leveraged against what does not even exist!!!
Sioux Rose:
Beautiful discription of the mess we find ourselves in. No more need be said. You contained it all in one sentence.
As usual, a great comment Sioux Rose
Thomas Gilbert
"It all qualifies as criminal conduct, were we in a society that could still separate the just from the unjust." (Sioux Rose)
Without question.
"The root of the dilemma, in my opinion, is that the engine has proven itself to be deadly to the earth, communities, cultures, the soul; so, the pragmatic thing to do would be to figure out how to dismantle (and transform) the corporate machine with as little harm to individual lives as possible."
Agreed.
I liken this to delicate trauma surgery: The patient is suffering severe trauma and will die without intervention. However, the surgeon's first job is to triage the patient to determine what the wounds are. Then, the surgeon has to stabilize the patient or the surgery itself may kill him/her. Then, the surgeon has to perform the necessary delicate surgery which could take many hours. Then, hopefully, the patient will live...if the steps are done and the surgeon is capable.
Ideology is the surgeon's training and credo of "first, do no harm." Pragmatism is the surgeon's ability to take the necessary steps, which will be different for each patient, and do it in a rapidly changing environment. Leave out one, and the patient dies.
"All Nature's difference keeps all Nature's peace." Alexander Pope
I am inclined to say that obviously seeing things as they 'really' are is such a slippery reality. From person to person and expert to expert that vast sliding scale is engaged and geared up to satisfy some ends to some means. Who has the pragmatic and real view of the world among us, moderate and thoughtful, who? We all do.
That is the value of real democracy, the view to be realized, must encompass the whole, and the few at the top, that vapor thin layer, will never give us anything but their vain and narrow truth spouted from their lofty and disconnected realm that is founded on nothing but vain and faulty ideals.
When those who align themselves as left, feel wanting of what is espoused to be the best of the center right, and so fill that want with what they imagine is the pragmatic representative of that want, we have nothing but what is imagined is wanting. Imagine the wanting we will soon have.
What happened to Obama's promise to the people? So quickly forsaken for fear of reaching for ideals and so settling quickly instead for last centuries slippery pragmatism at clearinghouse prices on ebay.gov.
Leea:Hi. You are thinking broadly and well. I'm not going to write off Obama yet, but that is not why I am doing this reply. When I read your comment I thought of Howard Zinn's book title: "Declarations of Independence:American Ideology" 1990. If you like videos, there's a lot of him speaking on YouTube videos, as well as a great site set up for him, www.howardzinn.org. I've said this before: my favorite book is Zinn's "You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train", Boston:Beacon Press, 2003 edition has a wonderful introduction. The book is his autobio, but is like a handbook for social change. You might really like it.
Thanks for the input NYCartist, well taken as usual.
Some non-ideological facts about Lawrence (aka Larry) Summers, Obama's newly appointed director of the National Economic Council:
1991-93: Chief economist of the World Bank
July 2, 1999: Appointed U.S. Treasury Secretary; served through the remainder of the Clinton Admistration.
2001: Named president of Harvard University. Resigned from that post in Februray 2006, after a relatively brief and turbulent tenure of five years, nudged by Harvard's governing corporation and facing a vote of no confidence from the influential Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Eventually alienated professors with a personal style that many saw as bullying and arrogant. His well-known desire to change Harvard's culture, which he saw as complacent, was accompanied by slights to some faculty members and missteps like his statement in 2005 that women might lack an intrinsic aptitude for mathematics and science.
November 2008: named to Barack Obama's Transition Economic Advisory Board.
The following memo was issued by Summers while he was working at the World Bank.
DATE: December 12, 1991
TO: Distribution
FR: Lawrence H. Summers
Subject: GEP
'Dirty' Industries: Just between you and me, shouldn't the World Bank be encouraging MORE migration of the dirty industries to the LDCs [Less Developed Countries]? I can think of three reasons:
1) The measurements of the costs of health impairing pollution depends on the foregone earnings from increased morbidity and mortality. From this point of view a given amount of health impairing pollution should be done in the country with the lowest cost, which will be the country with the lowest wages. I think the economic logic behind dumping a load of toxic waste in the lowest wage country is impeccable and we should face up to that.
2) The costs of pollution are likely to be non-linear as the initial increments of pollution probably have very low cost. I've always though that under-populated countries in Africa are vastly UNDER-polluted, their air quality is probably vastly inefficiently low compared to Los Angeles or Mexico City. Only the lamentable facts that so much pollution is generated by non-tradable industries (transport, electrical generation) and that the unit transport costs of solid waste are so high prevent world welfare enhancing trade in air pollution and waste.
3) The demand for a clean environment for aesthetic and health reasons is likely to have very high income elasticity. The concern over an agent that causes a one in a million change in the odds of prostrate cancer is obviously going to be much higher in a country where people survive to get prostrate cancer than in a country where under 5 mortality is is 200 per thousand. Also, much of the concern over industrial atmosphere discharge is about visibility impairing particulates. These discharges may have very little direct health impact. Clearly trade in goods that embody aesthetic pollution concerns could be welfare enhancing. While production is mobile the consumption of pretty air is a non-tradable.
The problem with the arguments against all of these proposals for more pollution in LDCs (intrinsic rights to certain goods, moral reasons, social concerns, lack of adequate markets, etc.) could be turned around and used more or less effectively against every Bank proposal for liberalization.
Postscript
After the memo became public in February 1992, Brazil's then-Secretary of the Environment Jose Lutzenburger wrote back to Summers: "Your reasoning is perfectly logical but totally insane... Your thoughts [provide] a concrete example of the unbelievable alienation, reductionist thinking, social ruthlessness and the arrogant ignorance of many conventional 'economists' concerning the nature of the world we live in... If the World Bank keeps you as vice president it will lose all credibility. To me it would confirm what I often said... the best thing that could happen would be for the Bank to disappear." Sadly, Mr. Lutzenburger was fired shortly after writing this letter.
...totally insane but surely seen as pragmatic by Obama inc.
The statements made by Lawrence Summners are clearly insane in the context of legality. In Civil Law, insanity is a degree of mental malfunctioning sufficient to prevent the accused from knowing right from wrong. Our newly appointed Director of the National Economic Council has a moral, not ideological flaw. Anyone whose main purpose in life is to assist the already wealthy to acquire more wealth is immoral and without ethics. I don't know what this means in the person who appointed such a seriously flawed man to this important position.