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US, Gabon: The Only Countries Still Conducting Research on Chimpanzees
Chimpanzee research an endangered species as experts debate usefulness, ethics
They were crucial for vaccines against hepatitis A and B. They took part in hundreds of early studies of HIV. And in 1961, two of them were shot into space.
(1961 Associated Press File Photo) - Ham was sent into space and returned to Earth in January 1961. Currently, there are about 1,000 medical research chimps in the United States But the role of chimpanzees in medical research is at a crossroads. Last week, the highest scientific body in the land put the issue on trial as a committee of the Institute of Medicine, part of the congressionally chartered National Academy of Sciences, met to deliberate the fate of nearly all of the world’s remaining medical research chimps.
The European Union banned the practice last year, leaving the United States and Gabon as the only countries conducting medical research on chimpanzees. At drug companies, chimp research is waning with the emergence of lower-cost, higher-tech alternatives.
“If you’re a scientist, a chimp is really a sort of last resort,” said Harold Watson, who directs the chimpanzee research program at the National Institutes of Health, which manages 734 of the nearly 1,000 medical research chimps in the United States.
Last year, the issue blew up at NIH. That’s when the agency announced it would move 200 older apes from a facility in New Mexico to an active research lab in Texas. A parade of politicians, activists and famous faces — including former New Mexico governor Bill Richardson (D) and chimpanzee champion Jane Goodall — mounted an uprising. NIH relented, transferring just 14 of the animals before charging the Institute of Medicine with arbitrating the issue in January.
The Institute of Medicine will issue its findings by the end of the year. Although Watson said NIH officials would “pay attention” to the recommendations — which could include ending all medical research on chimps — he declined to predict the agency’s response. “I can’t tell you what impact [the report] is going to have,” he said.
Already, though, chimps — expensive, difficult to handle and so like humans — are falling out of favor with researchers.
From 2007 to 2010, the number of biomedical chimp studies conducted in the United States declined from 53 to 32, said Robert Purcell, a virus researcher at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of NIH. Just one of those studies involved HIV — which in the 1980s and 1990s was extensively studied in apes. None of the studies involved cancer.
“Use of chimps for HIV decreased dramatically as [research] migrated over to rhesus monkeys,” which more faithfully reproduce human HIV infections, Watson said.
At any given time, 20 percent of available chimps are being used in medical studies, Watson said.
One big reason for the drop: Drug companies are forgoing chimp studies. In 2008, GlaxoSmithKline announced it would no longer use any apes. Biotech giant Genentech also ended the practice, said Theresa Reynolds, director of drug safety assessment at the company. “With advances in technology, chimps are no longer necessary” for developing high-tech drugs called monoclonal antibodies, she said. Before the Institute of Medicine meeting, Reynolds informally polled executives at “six or eight” other biotech firms; none use chimps.
A major international effort to develop a malaria vaccine also eschews apes. “It has worked well to work in mice and then move to monkeys, not chimps,” said Ann-Marie Cruz, program officer at the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative.
But chimp research still has its champions. The animals are vital for developing drugs and vaccines against hepatitis C, Purcell said; about 75 percent of ongoing chimp studies involve hepatitis C. The virus, which is carried by 3.2 million Americans and often causes liver cancer, infects no other lab animal.
“It’s also important to keep chimps available for diseases we haven’t seen yet, future ‘Hot Zone’ agents we can only speculate about,” Purcell said.
Many of the hepatitis studies take place at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute in San Antonio. A scientist there, Robert Lanford, said that testing new drugs and vaccines in chimps “increases success in the clinic” by weeding out ineffective or unsafe candidates.
NIAID researcher Peter Collins pointed to chimps as the only species for testing vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus, which infects infants and the elderly. Like hepatitis C, RSV does not infect rats or mice.
In the fictional laboratories depicted in the film “Rise of the Planet of the Apes,” “humanized chimps” revolt. In real laboratories, though, it’s “humanized mice” that may set free the medical chimps.
These engineered rodents carry tiny human livers, which succumb to hepatitis C, said Alexander Ploss of Rockefeller University. Some versions of the mice also live with human immune systems, which render their infections more like those seen in people.
“We are more than halfway” to mice that could replace chimps in hepatitis studies, Ploss said. “Whether we have that mouse in two years, five years, 10 years . . . who knows?”
In directing the Institute of Medicine committee, NIH officials were explicit in their charge: They asked the committee to examine only the scientific value of chimp research. But Thursday, committee members made clear that ethical issues are also in play.
They arranged for Goodall — for decades the world’s most prominent chimp advocate — to speak from Britain.
“From their point of view, it’s like torture,” Goodall said of chimpanzees kept captive for developing new medicines. “They are in prison and have done nothing wrong.”
A short time later, Eugene Schiff, a hepatitis researcher at the University of Miami, said, “I’ve never worked with chimps, but just listening to Jane Goodall, I got a guilt trip.”
Humanity, it seems, is on a collective guilt trip. “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” is a blockbuster. And in April, Rep. Roscoe G. Bartlett (R-Md.) and Sen. Maria Cantwell (D-Wash.) reintroduced the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act, which would ban “invasive research” on great apes in the United States.
“We wouldn’t be having this meeting if ethics wasn’t an issue,” Frans de Waal told the IOM committee. The Emory University researcher, whose pioneering studies with captive chimpanzees have revealed their human-like empathy, continued, “We don’t have this kind of meeting about rats.”
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22 Comments so far
Show Allthe US even let one run the Whitehouse for eight years.
a bad move.
That can't be true. The article said that chimps have empathy.
They will never get filthy rich with empathy.
gee, chimpanzees are way more human than a corpoation shall ever be!
Is that a picture of Dub-ya from his days in the Texas Air National Guard?
Looks too sober.
lol
"SPEAKING OF CHIMPS", FROM WIKIPEDIA: (excerpts) My Life as a Dog (Swedish: Mitt liv som hund) is a 1985 Swedish drama film directed by Lasse Hallström, based on a novel by Reidar Jönsson. It tells the story of Ingemar, a young boy sent to live with relatives...
...Throughout the film, Ingemar tells himself over and over that it could have been worse, reciting several examples, such as a man who took a shortcut onto the field during a track meet and was killed by a javelin and the story of the dog Laika several times, the first creature sent into orbit by the Russians (without any way to get her back down)...
~
...Laika (Russian: Лайка, literally meaning "Barker"; c. 1954 – November 3, 1957) was a Soviet space dog that became the first animal to orbit the Earth – as well as the first animal to die in orbit...
...Laika likely died within hours after launch from overheating,[2] possibly caused by a failure of the central R-7 sustainer to separate from the payload.[3] The true cause and time of her death was not made public until 2002; instead, it was widely reported that she died when her oxygen ran out on day six,[4] or (as Soviet government initially claimed) she was euthanised prior to oxygen depletion. Nonetheless, the experiment proved that a living passenger could survive being launched into orbit and endure weightlessness, paving the way for human spaceflight and providing scientists with some of the first data on how living organisms react to spaceflight environments.
On April 11, 2008, Russian officials unveiled a monument to Laika. A small monument in her honour was built near the military research facility in Moscow which prepared Laika's flight to space. It features a dog standing on top of a rocket... ~
Mitt liv som hund (My Life As A Dog) [VIDEO, 01:58] - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPAJxGquXbo
related: http://www.theatlantic.com/video/archive/2011/08/cats-in-zero-gravity/243160/
Torture for the Chimps and no Single Payer Healthcare for the Chumps.
All part of the same mindset.
Save humans first. Stop overpopulation. Stop human expansion. Begin human optimization in a stable state society.
Stop unnecessary cruelty to humans and animals. Recognize that the burdens of upholding global society need to be reasonably equally shared, and that the unequal sharing of work and the pains of production amounts to 'cruelty' to 2-3 billion people, with one billion of them downright starving.
Next time someone pulls up a picture of a cute kitten, puppy or chimp in torment with a sob-story to go with it, consider the billion starving humans who are kin and closer to deserve your empathy.
When humans stop hurting humans, we'll naturally stop hurting animals unnecessarily too.
well said
Why should one aim to save humans "first"? If you want an ecologically balanced environment, it does not require cruelty to animals. Why can one not eliminate cruelty to humans and animals at the same time.
To stop over-population, human expansion, and to achieve what I think you mean by "optimization in a stable state society", it is necessary to create social and economic structure, that does not run on, usury, debt and the consequent exploitation thereof in a class society based on the ownership of capital. In short the capitalist system and with it man's exploitation of man would need to be de-constructed and replaced by a more sustainable system that values the human more than as an "economic animal" and realises that humans are more than just reactive to carrots and sticks.
You are also wrong at seeing any difference of empathy for animal or human suffering. suffering is suffering. Man has been conditioned to not see or realising his own bondage to other human elites, his own suffering to which he is trained/"educated" through concepts of competition, and debt.
So what I would have written would have been "when humans stop hurting themselves.....
By the way, there was a Buddhist kingdom of Ashoka in part of what is now India, nearly 2000 years ago, that continued for much longer than our own modern industrial and technological age (which has lasted till its present and most imminent collapse), in which peoples' and animals' well being were seen holistic. Taxes were used to fund medical clinics for humans and veterinary surgeries for animals. Society aimed for harmony and the avoidance of conflict.
Perhaps it would interest you to read a little about this lost civilization:
http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html#PREFACE
So, no, my humble opinion is that empathy and compassion are traits that are boundless, and should never be turned off (as in military training), because they will save us, if at all we can be saved from ourselves. What we need is understanding and awareness.
The first shall be last, and the last first.....
The meek shall inherit the Earth....
If heaven went by merit, the animals would be the first to get in. Sorry, humans, all sold out!
What we are headed for, I fear, is a retake..... of human civilization.......or some other species..... to develop in our place..... The situation we find ourselves in, in regards to enviornment, poplulation, climate change, does not look promising to me. I really have a hard time wrapping my mind around the idea that we will start to extend compassion, understanding to our fellow man, in time to save ourselves.
It's funny, I am home, trying to clean (raining) and watching movies..... two movies in a row, about the ability of humans to extend compassion and empathy toward their fellow humans and other species..... "The Box" and "The Day the World Stood Still" with Keanu Reeves..... I noted that the moon is also in Pisces, the sign which correlates with those very qualities...
It's interesting that they speak of the engineered mouse as a possibility towards hepititis research in 2, 5, or 10 years. This is just a tool for research. Meaning that they don't even anticipate finding definitive answers in the next 10 years? In another ten years, we might have progressed just as far as having another subject to experiment on ..? Speaking as someone not familiar with these fields, what are the interests, so to speak, driving this research? Is there an interest in obtaining real answers? Or is the interest in just funding continuing research that never gets anywhere?
There was a research breakthrough in cancer recently, but with 3 human subjects -
http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/11/health/la-he-0811-cancer-therapy-20110811
With hepatitis C, I am guessing the most promise is in stem cell research, whereby they may be able to grow human organs, like livers, for transplant.
I don't have any problem with research using voluntarily donated human embryos. Since embryos are just a mass of cells that haven't yet developed into a being.
I do have a problem with chimpamzee research. Chimps are just far too intelligent, sentient beings, very closely related to ourselves.
Would you use dolphins or whales for these types of experiments? They too are very intelligent creatures with feelings, who suffer.
Yes, there is an interest in real answers. Or more correctly, yes, just like any group of humans, scientists have the usual flaws that other groups of humans have, selfishness, self-centredness etc. Some scientific research, done on animals, is indeed pointless crap, usually funded by special interests groups / corporations, that amounts to little more than animal abuse / torture. That however does not mean that all the research going on is just funding continuing research that gets nowhere. There is lots of useful research
you ask "what are the interests, so to speak, driving this research"
- Profit.-
Under the system we live in even finding a cure has to be qualified. It must be a profitable cure to the capital parties. On the way there may be much profitable research.
I understand what you mean by "intelligent" beings, but it does not take intelligence to suffer. So why make that a criteria? Is it because we believe ourselves to be intelligent and superior? All sentient beings though have "feelings"... that is what "sentient" means. Why must they, large or small, more or less intelligent, but all equal to us in the ability to suffer, suffer and sacrifice for us? Are we not really the ones sacrificing by deadening our compassion and empathy to suffering in order to satisfy some delusion of our own importance, which in turn is our own denial and condemnation, our own isolation? Does that make us superior or is that why we are condemned not to live in balance and harmony with our own ecosystem because in our egotism we cannot appreciate what we are destroying or even how we live by the suffering we cause to our own species. As I implied above, we are slaves but we cannot even see our own chains.
We need awareness and understanding and that comes with empathy and compassion.
Animal Minds and the Foible of Human Exceptionalism
By Marc Bekoff
"Man in his arrogance thinks of himself a great work, worthy the interposition of a deity. [Yet it is] more humble and, I believe, true to consider him created from animals." (Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man)
Nonhuman animals (animals) are magnificent and amazing beings. They clearly have wide-ranging cognitive, emotional, and moral capacities. We can learn a lot from them if we open or minds and hearts to who (not what) they really are. We should be proud of our citizenship in the animal kingdom. Scientific research is changing the way we view other animals. We don't have to go beyond the science or embellish what we know to appreciate how they express their intellectual skills and emotional capacities. We're clearly neither the only conscious beings nor the sole occupants of the emotional and moral arenas in which there are also some surprising residents including honeybees, fish, and chickens. Surely we have no right to intrude wantonly into the lives of other animals or to judge them or blame them for our evil ways.
When we say animals are conscious and smart we mean they know what to do to adapt to ever-changing environments. The versatility and flexibility of their behavior show clearly they are not machine-like automatons, but rather actively thinking and feeling beings. Donald Griffin, often called the "father of cognitive ethology" (the study of animal minds), postulated that the ability of animals to adapt to unpredictably changing conditions showed they were conscious and able to assess what needed to be done in a given situation. It's not a question of if animals are conscious but rather why consciousness has evolved.
There are sound biological reasons for recognizing animals as conscious beings. Charles Darwin stressed that variations among species are differences in degree rather than kind. There are shades of gray, not black and white differences, so if we have something "they" (other animals) have it too. This is called evolutionary continuity and shows that it is bad biology to rob animals of the traits they clearly possess. For example, we share with other mammals and vertebrates the same areas of the brain that are important for consciousness and processing emotions. We need to abandon the anthropocentric view that only big-brained animals such as ourselves, nonhuman great apes, elephants, and cetaceans (dolphins and whales) have sufficient mental capacities for complex forms of consciousness.
The ramifications of how we view other animals in relation to ourselves are wide-ranging and greatly influence how we treat them. There are social, political, and environmental implications when we ignore who other animals are and think of ourselves as above and better than them. An essay by philosopher Steven Best provides a penetrating analysis of why human exceptionalism, the belief that human beings have special status based on our unique capacities, is a false view and has serious consequences because of how we (or at least some of us) conduct ourselves when we view ourselves as "members of a distinct species in relation to other species and Earth as a whole..." Best provides a comprehensive review of recent research in cognitive ethology to support his argument that we do indeed share many traits with other animals. The database grows daily and science is supporting many of our intuitions about the cognitive, emotional, and moral capacities of a wide-range of animals.
Clearly, we need to rethink human "uniqueness" and dispense with speciesism. Best notes that humans do indeed show unique capacities such as writing sonnets, solving algebraic equations, and meditating on the structure of the universe, and he also points out that other animals have abilities and traits that we don't have. Speciesism, "discrimination against or exploitation of certain animal species by human beings, based on an assumption of mankind’s superiority", involves assigning different values or rights to individuals on the basis of species membership and constructs false boundaries among species. Speciesism doesn't work because it assumes human exceptionalism and also because it ignores within-species variation that often is more marked than between-species differences (see also).
What we now know about animal minds (certainly among mammals but also among a wide variety of other species) does not support human exceptionalism and we need to factor this into how we treat other animals and Earth. Best concludes, "If humans have for so long failed to understand animal minds it is because their own stupidity, insensitivity, and deep speciesist bias have for so long blinded them." We also can add arrogance to the list of why some people think other species are no more important than dispensable objects. But the blinders are coming off. And we're learning a lot about other animals that can make us better people.
Alienating ourselves from other animals and dominating them is not what it means to be human.
We are a significant force in nature. We need to be more compassionate, empathic, and humble and act with greater concern for animals and their homes. We suffer the indignities to which we expose other animals and in the end we all lose when we ignore nature and act as if we're the only animals who count, that we are exceptional and better and can do whatever we want because we can. Power is neither license to make other animal's lives miserable nor to redecorate their homes with no concern for their well-being.
Whether you agree or disagree with all of Best's arguments against human exceptionalism and their social, political, and environmental implications is immaterial. What does matter is that his stimulating essay should get us all to appreciate how fascinating other animals are and that we can no longer continue to be over-producing, over-consuming, arrogant, big-brained, big-footed, and invasive mammals who don't give other animals the respect, compassion, and love they deserve.
The time has come to debunk the myth of human exceptionalism once and for all... It's a hollow, shallow, and self-serving perspective on who we are. Of course we are exceptional in various arenas as are other animals. Perhaps we should replace the notion of human exceptionalism with species exceptionalism, a move that will force us to appreciate other animals for who they are, not who or what we want them to be.
Thanks for this essay, It is easier to read with paras, but well worth reading, here is a link:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marc-bekoff/animal-minds-and-the-foib_b_919028.html
And here are some more links to some exceptional animals:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8cf7tPoN5o
http://www.dump.com/2011/08/06/how-to-feed-a-school-of-sharks-video/