Car-Driven Society Poses Health Risk for Americans
ATLANTA - When Seema Shrikhande goes to work, she drives. When she takes her son to school, they drive. And when she goes shopping, to the bank or to visit friends, she gets into her car, buckles up and hits the road.
Driving is a way of life for Americans but researchers say the national habit of driving everywhere is bad for health.
The more you drive, the less you walk. Walking provides exercise without really trying.
Ideally, people should take 10,000 steps a day to maintain wellness, according to James Hill, professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado.
But for those who only walk from their home to the car and from their car to an office and back again, that figure can sink to only 1,000 steps.
A car culture forces people to make time to exercise and driving long distances reduces the time available to work out.
"If it (Atlanta) was a city where I walked more I would automatically get a lot of the exercise I need. Now I have to ... schedule it into my life. Sometimes it's very difficult because I'm busy," said Shrikhande, a professor of communications at Oglethorpe University in Atlanta.
Obesity and heart disease are two of many problems associated with a sedentary lifestyle.
Car dependence makes it harder to get the 75 minutes of intense weekly exercise or the 150 minutes of moderate exercise the government recommends, said Dr. Dianna Densmore of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Lawrence Frank of the University of British Columbia has even quantified the link between the distance people drive each day and their body weight.
"Every additional 30 minutes spent in a car each day translates into a 3 percent greater chance of being obese," he said. "People who live in neighborhoods with a mix of shops and businesses within easy walking distance are 7 percent less likely to be obese."
READJUSTING THE BALANCE
Older cities such as New York, Boston and Chicago contain neighborhoods built around a grid of densely populated streets and tend to have more public transport.
But fast-growing newer cities like Atlanta, Dallas and Phoenix are surrounded by sprawling suburbs that can only be navigated behind the wheel, not least because fiercely hot summers limit the attraction of walking.
Shrikhande said that as a student in Philadelphia she didn't own a car and walked a lot but in Atlanta car reliance was a small price to pay for a lifestyle whose benefits include better weather and living in a leafy suburb.
Health is just one factor that has caused town planners to seek alternatives to driving-only towns. High gas prices, a desire for more tightly knit communities and environmental concerns also play a role.
Atlanta is seeing a rise in inward migration as people move back into neighborhoods around the city center.
But the question of how to readjust the balance away from car dependence and toward sidewalks, cycle lanes and denser communities is intensely political.
Groups worried about climate change and others promoting a healthier lifestyle are lobbying for a new federal transport bill that shifts policy toward alternatives to car use.
"We have designed cities to suppress walking," said David Goldberg of Smart Growth America, a coalition of nonprofit groups that works to improve town and city planning. "It's much easier to widen highways in an ... exurb than to get money to retrofit an over-wide highway for non-driver.."
In a country where the car is a symbol of freedom, efforts to promote alternatives are caricatured as social engineering or a bid to undermine the country's spirit by powerful lobbies representing the transportation and construction industries.
Even so, efforts are underway. In Atlanta, local governments have devised strategies to promote urban living, said Dan Reuter of the Atlanta Regional Commission.
The city is also exploring building light rail to connect northern suburbs with the center and has embarked on a project to link a disused "Beltline" tram loop around the city center with parks, communities and business, he said.
"A CULTURAL THING"
In interviews, commuters reflected on the impact of spending hours each week in their cars.
"It's a total drain on my children," said Krystal Barrett, who drives her two sons to school each morning across Atlanta's northern suburbs -- a 45 minute journey on a good day.
Barrett and her husband want to move closer to work, school and church. Meanwhile, she often breaks the long journey home to let her two mall boys burn off energy at a playground.
But other commuters said they drove out of habit so ingrained it became a state of mind.
Francis Charfauros, a coffee shop manager in Scottsdale, Arizona, said he would drive to work at his previous job even though it was just a few yards away.
"I don't know why," he said. "It's a cultural thing."
(Additional reporting by Tim Gaynor in Phoenix; Editing by Alan Elsner and Pascal Fletcher)
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32 Comments so far
Show AllWhen I lived in the Northwest I used to walk 5 miles to and from work, even in the dead of winter. My occasional hospital visits were worth it, knowing I was making a difference for my planet. I even got to know some of the homeless people and the rare instances of gun violence didn't dampen my enthusiasm for walking.
If the store or restaurant is in the area I live in I don't drive. I make everyone walk there and back. You can't always rely on your car.
The Clickbank Code
It always seems silly to me to see people in the burbs jogging or speed walking along next to a packed 6 lane boulevard wearing their fancy lycra-spandex outfits, talking on their cell phones or listening to their ipods; sunglasses, visor or sweat band on head.
They're obviously trying to get their exercise in, which is commendable, but they're not going anywhere, just doing laps.
If people would walk or ride a bike to their jobs and shopping, they wouldn't have to join a health club nor speed-walk alongside heavy traffic, breathing fumes, doing laps, looking silly.
I guess it gives car commuters something to gawk at.
Md., I ran all my life, 1/2 marathons, 10ks, but mostly about 6 miles a day for thirty years. And on asphalt breathing fumes? Now the ego-runner has morphed into the ego-bicycler w/ the same outfit on and still going nowhere irrespective of their destination.
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Well. It don't matter what polical specrum you may adopt, what philosophical position you may espouse.
The reality is that capitalism id dead.
What can you add???
What, can't you spell ?
Bankrupt, paralyzed Detroit should be retooling for light-rail. As we convert interstates to bike paths, hi-ways to nature trails, and streets to paths home.
I'll second that! If they can pay for huge highways, they can afford little bike paths. In fact, gas tax would cover the costs.
And light rail, or better yet, maglev trains would be the appropriate response to the crisis in Detroit. Get the auto workers building trains. A nationwide system of free public transportation would get people out of their cars.
Hey az, I thought you were going to send me an email. If you did, I never got it. No hurries, no worries. High to the girls for me!
Hey Md! I did, you and GM....the program was dysfunctional. nonsense google email. I'm gonna set up another one tonite, do it again, get you my ph#. In fact, I'll be right back.
I believe the high-pitched anti-smoking campaign has been very successful in keeping our minds off the greater dangers. The reason for targeting this one product is that so few (roughly 18%) US adults smoke. It's a safe target. It's also pretty low on the list of dangers or public costs. A fraction of this 18% will develop a smoking-related disease. Smoking restrictions are so stringent that most of us have no exposure to cigaret smoke whatsoever. Contrast this with our exposure to the most carcinogenic type of smoke (i.e., the kind that contains oil particles), which comes from motor vehicles, etc. Most American adults drive, even when unnecessary, even when gas prices soar. We drive to excess, and most vehicles have only one or two occupants.
But can you imagine what would happen if the government imposed tobacco-level taxes on gas? For example, we could be issued debit cards that would enable a person to buy a rationed number of gallons of gas (based on milage between home and work) at a reasonable price, and then charge AT LEAST double for every gallon of gas purchased beyond the rationed amount.
At any rate, if every cigaret disappeared today, it would have virtually no impact on the environment and health care costs. Hint: it's not cigs that enable you to spot distant cities by the dome of yellow-gray haze on the horizon. It isn't smoking that is killing the rain forests and melting arctic ice. Isn't it time we get government to get its priorities straight?
We need bike paths, etc., but lets just consider the existing situation:
If there were a lot less congestion (fewer cars on the road at a given point in time) it would take a lot less time to get from point A to point B within a city, and therefore we could spend more time outside the car.
If we spent less time at stoplights, or waiting to get rolling when the light changes, we could spend more time moving at the speed limit and less time in the car. We would also spend less time idling the engine, wasting gas and causing pollution.
If, during each trip, we had to stop only once, and spend the rest of the time moving at the speed limit, we would get to where we wanted to go faster and spend more time outside the car. Since the "single stop" would necessarily be a bit longer, we could get out of our cars and turn off the engine, both beneficial.
All this could be accomplished by changing from a system relying on "stop lights", to one which uses "timing" instead.
From 6 AM to 6:15 AM, only traffic in the north-south direction would be allowed. From 6:15 to 6:30 only traffic in the east-west direction would be allowed. The wider streets would be converted to one-way. Etc., etc.
If you planned your trip properly, you would only have to wait a maximum of one 15 minute period. When you're stopped, you can get out of your car, make a phone call, or eat or drink something.
Much better than what we have now.
We need bike paths, etc , And we can also consider the existing auto “situation” without dismissing these additional traffic options which, consequently, address the larger existing situation.
Responding to your argument:
1) “if there were a lot less congestion” : Answer: Mass Transit/HOV
2) “less time at stoplights”: Answer: freeways, highways, and interstates
3) “stop only once”: Answer: Behavioral adjustment of driver created through a combination of timed entry, (ie stop/go light at entrance). Plus Express Lane with limited exits/entrances control drivers flow. Restrict traffic to HOV from high traffic zones (Downtown Metro).
Point/Solution Offered: Directional traffic flow controlling In-Bound/Out-Bound to Metro Hub. Scenario is dependent on Metro Hub traffic.
Your scenario is already in effect in several metropolitan areas. A primary example exists in Seattle, WA. It’s called “The Express Lane”. Seattle represents some of the worst traffic in the Nation.
General Link on Express lanes:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_lanes
Map w/key for The I-5 Express Lane in Seattle:
http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Northwest/King/ExpressLanes/I5map.htm
It is a simple matter to just provide bus or light rail service at 15 minute intervals. (I live on a 12-minute bus line). Then you can do away with cars altogether, except for deliveries of bulky or heavy items.
Too much starting and stopping...resulting in a low average speed and long commute times. OTOH, if we converted some existing SUV's into "tractors" that could pull "trailers" (RV's from Elkhart, IN) modified to accept ~12-15 passengers, we could increase the frequency to one every 5 minutes, or even more, and also be able to provide "express" service.
Aside from the obvious health and massive environmental impacts, the social-political engineering impacts of the car-oriented suburban model of development are huge.
There seems to vast under-appreciation of stark contrasts of political attitudes between urban and suburban dwellers. The positive correlation of progressive views with the time a person spends, or seeks-out the culture of, urban spaces is very strong.
At the Pittsburgh healthcare demo today, I was talking to a young woman who lives in the city and doesn't own a car. She was recently hired to canvass for the climate change bill. City dwellers - and suburbanites who commute by trolley or bus downtown every day were generally supportive of some kind of bill to address global warming. But once out in the SUV and 1/2 acre lot belt - whose dwellers do all their traveling by car from one suburban area to another, the hostility - often angry hostility, against the very notion of global warming was almost universal. Attitudes toward universal healthcare or other collective solutions receive considerable hostility in suburbia as well.
I think the cause is that the physical infrastructure of suburbia encourages an extreme form of economic individualism due to the way it forces individuals to spend their lives in private spaces - their houses, cars, privately-owned shopping malls, backyards. In contrast, in the city, people are frequently put in close contact with other people outside of immediate family or neighbors - on the sidewalks, bus, trolley or metro, ans in public plazas and parks. This leads, naturally to solidarity-building - a sense that "we are all in this together". In such an environment, people understand the need for collective solutions.
Good thinking, I can easily believe this is a huge factor.
Several issues concerning suburbs and exurbs metastasize via demand for low $/sqft (purchaser) and relaxed zoning (developer) outside of township and city oversight.
Private companies move faster than city bureaucracies and step outside of constraints for competitive edge over competition.
The mini-mall/strip-mall as supplemental town-hub dominates the layout of developments. Epic in size. No end in sight. Pedestrian paths rare. Cities and localities are stuck funding transit and sidewalks to connect to areas outside of original city design.
Projections for 60% of society to live in large metro areas include sprawl. Small cities and also townships are gradually being swallowed by larger metros. City Councils risk being influenced by outside development plans while trying to increase revenue.
I wonder what would happen if cities started refusing to extend roads and other infrastructure to new, pointless developments.
city and counties and a bulldozed populace required to string power and plumb the streets. I don't have a cure-all answer. I used to think we could rewrite zoning practices so a higher percentage of the actual cost to connect exurb X would be put on the developer's shoulders. Home builders Association is very powerful. Pit that with commercial development of box stores, and a City Council and a County Commissioner can be influenced by the promise of future revenue from taxes and sales and creation of jobs.
At first, I thought, okay, I submit.But, why not secure sidewalks as part of the plan? I mean, if we're going to pay to string wire, why not build a walk Peds on foot or bike can utilize? Well, when the road "widens" it encroaches on all the various private properties, each one owned by a potential Rogue Pirate who doesn't want anything to do with property tax increase to pay for excessive design. So, the only thing that happens is "new developments" are required to put sidewalks into their total plan. So, you know, drive out to the country and there's no sidewalk for 2 miles, then all of a sudden -boom- sidewalks and lights, then -boom- no sidewalk. (Okay, kids! Jump out of the car, let's walk around the mall and get some exercise! "like, Whatever, dude.")
I keep dreaming of PED/Bike corridors to develop. Old decommissioned rail properties sometimes are created into paths, often times more as "beautification trails" in richer developments than a clever alternative traffic source.... but not exclusively...
There are several "townships" and smaller cities that are a bicyclist friend. Corvallis, OR is an example. I suppose one could develop outward from these smaller hubs, cost would be lower too. Ideally, the route is in place before the sprawl hits, this way securing more control over the layout. But, I'm talking about bureaucracies and that's where the private co comes in and take the hit.
Because, while you and I may have this awesome ped/bike plan, there are 289 other various opinions on how it should be or not be and our very smart urban design is stalled and stalled.
Nothing new here, but look closer:
"People who live in neighborhoods with a mix of shops and businesses within easy walking distance are 7 percent less likely to be obese."
First you need to identify what the problem really is - urban planning, huge suburbs, vast distances from home to shop to school to church/temple/mosque - that's the problem. And it was deliberately designed that way under the aegis of the auto industry.
If I hear or read one more comment about how we love our cars too much, I'm going to go postal. It took me 3.5 HOURS to get to work today - and I took the train for most of the way. On normal days, it only takes 2.25 hours - one way - now that's 4.5 hours a day I don't have with my family and spouse. AND it cost almot $15 one way.
So, you polish up your little Italian bicicletta and enjoy your Tour-de-France fantasies about the benefits of not driving - I have work to do.
Took me 20 minutes by bus. Or if I feel like getting exercise, it's about a leisurely 2 hour walk (I'm very heavy and walk slowly). Can't get a home closer to work?
Nope, not and pay bills - we're working on that, though. Our cardiologist says that it's the time in transit that's really killing people. It screws up any chance of a normal life.
But it's not just us - it's the giant distances between the places you need to go to.
Zoning laws are a big cause of the problem, not car-love. But they made the car manufacturers happy.
I had it figured out.
I'd get a goat to pull a little 2-wheel cart. Eliminates the car, the emmissions and the petroleum. Added feature - Exxon would hate it.
Let the goat graze in the yard. Feeds the goat while he keeps the grass trimmed & fertilized. Eliminates the fertilizer, the lawnmower, the noise, the emmissions and the petroleum. There might even be some cheese in the deal. And Exxon would hate it.
Trouble is, it's against the law to keep a goat in my neighborhood or operate a goat-drawn cart on the street. To my knowledge we don't even have any bike lanes in the greater Memphis area.
Goats and bikes would make a lot of sense. But Exxon hates 'em.
Start a goat rebellion! Form a goat advocacy group. Get together a big group of goatsters to clog the streets once a week in a critical mass goat cart parade. Show those car commuters and folks in city government you mean business.
You just might start a revolution in Memfiss that could spread nationwide.
If Exxon hates it, all the more reason. Goat for it! "Ba-a-a-a-a-aaah!"
Writing as a resident of the car culture capital of the world, Los Angeles, I am all too familiar with the draw backs of this clearly unsustainable way of life that is damaging to all but those whom sell the cars and related products. My sole vain hope is that the long delayed, much troubled subway / light rail under construction reaches walking of my home within 20 years.
One irony of LA is that the weather is so nice you can walk (without ever having to dress like an Eskino)all year around.
Unlike here in Canada, where it can get to below -30 in the winter and the snow gets past your knees, I hear that Southern California's good walking all year around.
I suppose that all those cars and industry contribute more than a little to LA's smog problems ... along with the topography.
Problem with walking in LA is that everything is spread out. The notion of a neighborhood with everything within walking distance is something an Angelino sees when they visit the East Coast or Europe. Bicycling is also quite dangerous as well: auto drivers are notorious for being hostile to bike riders.
LOL, sorry, but no shit! I think we all already knew this.
Its simple economics.
I live in a two bedroom, one bath house 8 miles from the center of a very walkable major US city. The purchase price of my house is about what you would pay for a McMansion in Atlanta. The insurance and maintenance costs for my house equal or exceed what it would cost me to live in a McMansion. If I had any kids I could never have considered living where I am living.
Its simple economics.
I live in a two bedroom, one bath house 8 miles from the center of a very walkable major US city. The purchase price of my house is about what you would pay for a McMansion in Atlanta. The insurance and maintenance costs for my house equal or exceed what it would cost me to live in a McMansion. If I had any kids I could never have considered living where I am living.
I simply rent a room in a house. Enables me to live in the city limits of DC on an intern's pay.