Experts Comment on U.S. Implications of Japanese Reactor Crisis

The following points were made today by nuclear experts on the implications for the U.S of the rapidly evolving Japanese reactor crisis:

1.The U.S. makes widespread use of the same aging reactors that are in crisis in Japan. Five of the six reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi 1 site are General Electric Mark I Boiling Water Reactors, including Unit 1, which suffered an explosion that destroyed part of its containment building on Saturday, and Unit 3, which uses plutonium-based MOX fuel and has been the subject of major efforts to cool the reactor.

Michael Mariotte, executive director and the chief spokesperson for the Nuclear Information and Resource Service, said: "Nearly one out of five -- 23 - of the operating reactors in the U.S. use the GE Mark I design. All but two of these began commercial operation between 1971 and 1976. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has approved 20-year license extensions for 18 of these aging GE Mark I reactors. Two applications are currently under review; three reactors have not filed for license renewal. When the reactor designs are the same, and the reactor's ages are the same, comparisons seem more than appropriate -- indeed, it would be irresponsible not to understand what lessons may be learned from the Japanese experience that would apply to so many aging U.S. reactors that are still in use."

For more information on Japanese-U.S. use of aging General Electric Mark I reactors, including a list of all such U.S. reactors, see https://www.nirs.org/reactorwatch/accidents/gemk1reactorsinus.pdf. For more information on General Electric Boiling Water Reactors, go to https://www.nirs.org/factsheets/bwrfact.htm. To contact Michael Mariotte, call 301-270-6477.

2. The nuclear catastrophe in Japan illustrates in vivid terms the risks to U.S. taxpayers and ratepayers of taking on even more of the risk of paying for nuclear power. "For decades, Wall Street hasn't been willing to invest in new reactors because of their enormous cost and risk. Obviously, Wall Street has it right," said Dr. Mark Cooper, senior fellow for economic analysis at the Institute for Energy and the Environment, Vermont Law School. "This is yet another example of how a multi-billion dollar investment can turn into a multi-billion dollar liability within minutes. The only way that new reactors will be built in the United States is if the economic risk is put upon the taxpayer through federal loan guarantees and/or upon ratepayers through advanced cost recovery."

President Obama has requested an additional $36 billion in loan guarantee authority for new reactors in FY2012. If authorized, this would make a total of $54.5 billion in nuclear loan guarantees. Of the currently authorized $18.5 billion in nuclear loan guarantees, $8.3 billion has been allocated to Southern Company and its partners for two proposed reactors in Georgia. Ratepayers in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina are paying the construction of proposed new reactors, most of which have been delayed post-2020. Several others states, including Iowa, Indiana and Missouri, are also considering legislation that will allow utilities to charge ratepayers in advance for the cost of new reactors. For more information, see https://www.vermontlaw.edu/Documents/11_03_09_Cooper%20All%20Risk%20Full%20Report.pdf, https://www.vermontlaw.edu/Documents/IEE/20100322_cooperTestimony.pdf and https://www.vermontlaw.edu/Documents/IEE/020811_CooperMinnesotaMoratoriumTestimony.pdf. To contact Mark Cooper, call (301) 384-22045.

3. U.S. emergency planning for nuclear accidents is in disarray. "Were a nuclear accident to occur in the U.S., we are woefully unprepared to deal with it," said Daniel Hirsch, a lecturer in Nuclear Policy at the University of California, Santa Cruz and president of the Committee to Bridge the Gap. "The agencies can't agree on who would be in charge of long-term cleanup, what standards would be applied, or where the money would come from. The attitude is basically the opposite of planning: 'If there is a nuclear release, we'll try to figure out something then.'" For the text of a March 13th letter from Rep. Ed Markey, D-MA., on this topic, go to https://tinyurl.com/6yodh69. To contact Daniel Hirsch, call 831-336-8003 or send email to dhirsch1@cruzio.com.

4. As in Japan's Fukushima Unit 3, the use of plutonium fuel (MOX) in U.S. reactors poses special radiation and safety risks. One of the Japanese reactors under risk of continued fuel melting or explosion is now operating for the first time with part of the core being plutonium fuel. This plutonium mixed oxide (MOX) fuel, shipped from Europe and inserted in Fukushima Unit 3 in September 2010, poses greater risks than traditional uranium fuel. MOX, made from plutonium which is capable of being used in nuclear weapons, is harder to control during reactor operation and results in a more serious radiation release in the event of an accident. The plutonium in the MOX is a result of the reprocessing of Japanese spent fuel and that reprocessing program. MOX use has long been opposed by public interest groups due to safety, cost and non-proliferation concerns.

Tom Clements, Southeastern nuclear campaign coordinator, Friends of the Earth, said: "In the U.S., the Department of Energy is considering use of MOX fuel in the Tennessee Valley Authority's Browns Ferry reactors, of the same aging Mark I boiling water reactor design as Fukushima Unit 3. Analysis by the Tennessee Valley Authority of unsafe MOX fuel made from surplus weapons plutonium must be halted and the $850 million request related to this in President Obama's FY2012 must be rejected. The cost of the MOX plant now under construction at the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site has skyrocketed from $1.4 billion in FY 2004 to $4.9 billion in FY 2009 and has become a program driven by special interests that profit from it."

See https://www.fissilematerials.org/blog/2011/03/us_plutonium_disposition_.html and
https://www.foe.org/secret-plan-exposed-use-surplus-weapons-plutonium-washington-state-nuclear-reactor. Contact Tom Clements at 803-834-3084 (landline) or 803-240-7268 (cell).

The following experts are also available to members of the news media:

Peter Bradford

Peter A. Bradford is a former member of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and former chair of the Maine and New York utility commissions. He teaches energy policy and law at the Vermont Law School and has taught at Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.

Robert Alvarez

Robert Alvarez is a senior scholar at IPS, where he is focused on nuclear disarmament, environmental, and energy policies. Between 1993 and 1999, Mr. Alvarez served at the Department of Energy as a Senior Policy Advisor to the Secretary and deputy assistant secretary for National Security and the Environment. In 1994 and 1995, Bob led teams in North Korea to establish control of nuclear weapons materials. He coordinated nuclear material strategic planning for the department and established the department's first asset management program.

Kenneth Bergeron

Kenneth Bergeron is a physicist and former Sandia scientist who worked on nuclear reactor accident simulation. Bergeron is the author of "Tritium on Ice: The Dangerous New Alliance of Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Power"

Dr. Ira Helfand, MD

Ira Helfand, MD, is a member of the board of Physicians for Social Responsibility. He is an expert on nuclear power, nuclear waste, and radiation exposure issues.

Dr. Arjun Makhijani, Ph.D.

Arjun Makhijani, president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental research, holds a Ph.D. in engineering (specialization: nuclear fusion) from the University of California at Berkeley. He has produced many studies and articles on nuclear fuel cycle related issues, including weapons production, testing, and nuclear waste, over the past twenty years.

Damon Moglen

Damon Moglen is director of the climate and energy project of Friends of the Earth. He has extensive expertise on nuclear issues and the nuclear industry in Japan. For more than a decade, Moglen ran Greenpeace's International's plutonium campaign, including more than a year spent inside Japan focused on nuclear issues.

Aileen Mioko Smith

Alieen Mioko Smith, Executive Green Action, in Kyoto, Japan, is a long-time activist in Japan on nuclear power issues who lived near Three Mile Island from 1980-82. She is currently visiting the United States.

Kevin Kamps

Kevin Kamps of Beyond Nuclear specializes in high-level waste management and transportation; new and existing reactors; decommissioning; Congress watch; climate change; federal subsidies.

A streaming audio replay of a related Saturday media briefing is available on the Web at https://www.foe.org. For additional background information, please refer to https://www.foe.org/us-experts-comment-japan-reactor-crisisand https://www.psr.org/nuclear-bailout/japan-earthquakenuclear.pdf.