Decision on Monarch Butterfly's Endangered Species Protection Extended to 2020

In an agreement approved today, the Center for Biological Diversity and Center for Food Safety accepted an extended deadline for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to decide on protection for monarch butterflies under the Endangered Species Act.

In light of the extreme effects climate had on the butterfly's population last year, two more overwintering counts will be available before a listing decision is issued in December 2020.

Because of favorable weather conditions in the east last spring, the monarch population that overwinters in Mexico increased by 144 percent, crossing just above the projected threshold of migratory collapse. Simultaneously, the western population that overwinters in California plunged by nearly 86 percent, falling below the population size scientists say is needed to avoid extinction.

"Monarch butterflies clearly warrant protection under the Endangered Species Act, and we urge the Service to propose them for listing by the end of next year," said George Kimbrell, legal director at the Center for Food Safety.

"Monarch butterfly population sizes are incredibly vulnerable to climate change effects, so they are in urgent need of protection," said Tierra Curry, a senior scientist at the Center for Biological Diversity. "We need to take action now to avert climate catastrophe for butterflies and all wildlife, as well as ourselves."

Last winter was abnormally warm and dry in the Mexican forests where the monarchs gather, and the butterflies started flying north three weeks earlier than usual. Second-and third-generation monarchs have already reached Canada, far ahead of normal migratory timing.

In addition to vulnerability to weather conditions during breeding and migration, the butterflies' winter habitat in Mexico is expected to become climatically unsuitable in coming decades.

Background

Recent studies found that if current trends continue, both monarch populations face migratory collapse within the next 20 years. In the 1990s the eastern population numbered nearly 1 billion butterflies, and the western population numbered more than 1.2 million. Last year's winter counts recorded fewer than 30,000 western monarchs and around 225 million eastern monarchs.

Monarchs have lost an estimated 165 million acres of breeding habitat in the United States to herbicide spraying and development. Their caterpillars only eat milkweed, but the plant has been devastated by increased herbicide spraying in conjunction with corn and soybean crops genetically engineered to tolerate direct spraying with herbicides. In addition to glyphosate, monarchs are threatened by other herbicides and by neonicotinoid insecticides that are toxic to young caterpillars.

Conservationists petitioned for protection of the monarchs in 2014, and the Fish and Wildlife Service agreed that they may warrant protection and launched an ongoing status review.