Experts on the Reimposition of Sanctions on Iran in Violation of the Nuclear Deal

At midnight on Monday, President Trump's snapback of nuclear-related sanctions on Iran will be finalized. While a portion of the sanctions previously waived under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) came back into force on August 7, the November 5 tranche of Iran sanctions includes many of the most impactful sanctions to be levied on Iran, including those targeting Iran's energy and financial sectors.

In a memo to U.S. lawmakers, the National Iranian American Council warns that the snapback of sanctions on Iran has precipitated a crisis in slow motion, threatening a range of U.S. national interests and tying America closer to the destabilizing campaigns of Saudi Arabia. In the memo, NIAC warns that the blowback from sanctions reimposition will:

• Trump's snapback of nuclear-related sanctions has eviscerated Iran's benefit for complying with the JCPOA, increasing the risk of Iran halting its compliance with the accord and moving closer to a nuclear weapon.
• The re-designation of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) threatens to disrupt international work to reduce proliferation risks at the Arak heavy water reactor and deeply buried Fordow facility.

• Trump's advisors John Bolton and Mike Pompeo have pushed for war with Iran as an alternative to negotiations, as have Iran's regional rivals who have increased sway with the Trump administration.
• A spark for a military confrontation could come from several directions in the absence of diplomacy with Iran - whether over Iran's nuclear program, regional tensions or a naval confrontation in the Persian Gulf.

• The U.S. is in material breach of the UN Security Council-endorsed JCPOA, which all other parties to the accord - including our allies in Britain, France and the European Union (EU) - are seeking to keep alive.
• JCPOA participants and Iran are seeking to establish independent payment channels, with ramifications that could undercut U.S. dominance of the global financial system and the power of U.S. secondary sanctions far into the future.

• President Trump has repeatedly called on Saudi Arabia and Russia to pump more oil to offset Iranian oil that has been taken off the market, reducing spare capacity that could be key to respond to any emergency.
• Iranian oil cannot be offset forever, and a crisis risks soaring oil prices and substantial harm for American consumers.

• At a time when Saudi Arabia appears to be an increasingly unsavory partner for the U.S. after the brutal murder of Jamal Khashoggi, the Trump administration has pigeonholed itself into an approach to the Middle East that relies on Saudi Arabia.
• Overlooking Saudi Arabia's crimes to pressure Iran bears eerie resemblance to America's early backing of Saddam Hussein throughout the Iran-Iraq war. A more balanced approach to the region is needed.

• Trump's Iran sanctions are likely to crush the Iranian middle class and private sector, unleashing economic desperation in the country and limiting prospects for internal moderation.
• Iran's hardliners have been vindicated by Trump's decision to violate the JCPOA and snap back sanctions, and will benefit from sanctions that crush forces for moderation while leaving them relatively unscathed.

• Sanctions on Iran under the Obama administration triggered shortages of key life-saving medicines and contributed to the impoverishment of ordinary Iranians by depressing the economy and increasing the cost of basic goods. Similar effects are already being felt from Trump's snapback.
• The Trump administration has already targeted private Iranian financial institutions that facilitated humanitarian transactions, raising the risk of further humanitarian crises in the months ahead and more damage to American credibility.