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This past year I've had the opportunity to cover the antipoverty movement--and I do believe it's a movement--it's just a little too much of a well-kept secret right now. 
But I think in 2013, the people and groups at the forefront of antipoverty thinking and action are poised to reach a much wider audience, and gain far greater popular support.
This past year I've had the opportunity to cover the antipoverty movement--and I do believe it's a movement--it's just a little too much of a well-kept secret right now.
But I think in 2013, the people and groups at the forefront of antipoverty thinking and action are poised to reach a much wider audience, and gain far greater popular support.
That's in part because the movement is led by organizations and individuals who have been fighting poverty for decades, and they offer solutions that are grounded in empirical data and the every day experiences of millions of working Americans and families.
In contrast, the opposition to antipoverty reform relies largely on tired stereotypes, myths, and prejudices--that low-income people are lazy and don't want to work; that they only want handouts, or to live off of welfare; that antipoverty policies have failed; and, most recently, that we can't afford these investments.
But an economy that is short on opportunity and concentrates wealth in the hands of a few is coming into focus. The interests of low-income people and a shrinking middle-class are converging--everyone wants fair pay, a shot at a good education, and an economy defined by opportunity and upward mobility.
People are beginning to recognize that we have a proliferation of low wage work-- over 25 percent of the jobs in the nation pay less than the poverty line for a family of four, and 50 percent pay less than $34,000 a year. It's no wonder that 28 percent of all workers last year earned wages below the poverty line, and that more than 70 percent of low-income families and half of all families in poverty were working in 2011. (Low-income defined as living on less than 200 percent of the poverty line, or less than approximately $36,000 annually for a family of three--which now constitutes 106 million people, more than 1 in 3 Americans; poverty defined as living on less than $18,000 annually for a family of three, which now describes more than 46 million Americans.) People are looking for answers.
Currently, the antipoverty movement is largely in sync as it tries to protect programs that are vital to basic human needs during the fiscal debate. But I think there are things it can do in 2013--after the budget debate--to reach a wider audience and bring more people into its fold.
One possible change--or more like a tweak: many seem to focus on the lack of will in our political leadership to fight poverty; instead the primary focus might be on what the movement itself is doing to create political will.
What is it doing to make itself more visible? How is it creating new relationships between low-income and higher-income people? At any given conference on poverty-related issues, are the people who know poverty first hand presenting, leading, educating, and organizing? At a Congressional or local hearing on food stamps, TANF, SSI, or childcare--is the movement doing whatever it can to ensure that the people who have actually experienced the system are testifying? Are the more "white collar" organizations in the movement going into low-income communities to join people and groups who are organizing on the ground? Are these organizations showing up and also providing resources to protect homes, strengthen schools and neighborhoods, and stand with low-wage workers for better jobs? How are we coming together--rich, poor, and in between--and how are we working in silos? How are we speaking--or failing to speak--with a unified voice?
I also believe if the movement can coalesce around a simple, clear and concise antipoverty agenda--an Antipoverty Contract for 2013--it can engage new audiences and grow significantly. Choose four or five key policies that are easily grasped and in sync with most people's values, and forge new alliances around them. Whether or not the contract includes a group's particular issue, hopefully groups will take a leap of faith and help push it forward, knowing that it might lead to a stronger movement and broader and deeper reforms down the road.
Below is one possible Antipoverty Contract for 2013. I have no idea if these are the right choices--and there are some notable absences--on full employment, housing and education, to name a few.
But I hope this draft serves as a conversation starter among organizations, community groups, and people at the forefront of these fights--and that a core might emerge to coalesce and organize around a clear, focused antipoverty contract this year that might serve as a compelling organizing tool.
Raise the Minimum Wage
Americans generally believe that people who work hard should be able to pay for the basics, including food, housing, healthcare, and education.
As Peter Edelman notes in his book, So Rich, So Poor, for most of the 1960s and 70s the minimum wage paid enough to lift a family of three above the poverty line, about $18,000 today. Not so anymore. It has been raised only three times in the past thirty years and now stands at $7.25 per hour, which results in sub-poverty earnings of approximately $15,000 for a year-round, full-time employee.
The minimum wage for tipped workers is even worse--a stunning $2.13 per hour, and it's been locked there since 1991. As a result, food industry servers in the US are three times more likely than the general workforce to be paid sub-poverty wages and twice as likely to need food stamps.
If Congress had indexed the minimum wage to inflation--as they did for, say, individual campaign contribution limits or the new estate tax threshold--it would be $10.58 per hour today.
Of course, any attempt to raise the wage floor is met with claims from opponents that it will result in massive job losses. This has been shown repeatedly to be complete bunk. Further, a recent report by the National Employment Law Project found that 66 percent of low-wage employees work for large companies, not small businesses, and that more than 70 percent of the biggest low-wage employers have fully recovered from the recession and are enjoying strong profits.
The Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2012, introduced by Senator Tom Harkin and Representative George Miller, would raise the federal minimum wage to $9.80 by 2014, index it to inflation, and boost annual earnings to $19,600--above the poverty line for a family of three. It would also raise the tipped minimum wage to $6.85 over five years, and it would be fixed to 70 percent of the full minimum wage.
The Economic Policy Institute estimates the Harkin-Miller proposal would generate more than $25 billion in new consumer spending, which would lead to the creation of more than 100,000 new full-time jobs. It would also increase wages for nearly 30 million Americans--roughly one-fifth of the workforce--because raising the wage floor improves pay for workers who earn at or just above the minimum wage.
Paid sick and family leave for all workers
Americans know that someone should not have to choose between their own health--or caring for a sick child or relative--and a job. They believe that paid sick days are "a basic worker's right."
More than 40 percent of people in the private sector workforce--including 81 percent of low-wage workers--don't receive a single paid sick day. Millions more lack paid leave to care for a sick child or family member. Nearly 25 percent of workers polled said that they have lost a job or were told they would lose a job for taking time off to deal with a personal or family illness.
The US is virtually alone among other high-income countries in not setting a minimal standard for paid sick days, and is in the minority in not providing paid leave to care for a family member. For families in or near poverty, this is especially critical, since a few days' lost pay makes the struggle to provide the basics--like food--that much harder.
Across demographic and political backgrounds, 75 percent of Americans favor a law providing a "minimum number" of paid sick days for all workers, including 69 percent who strongly favor providing workers with 7 paid sick days per year.
The Healthy Families Act would allow workers in businesses with 15 or more employees to earn up to seven job-protected paid sick days each year--to recover from their own illnesses, access preventative care, or provide care for a sick family member.
This would be a significant leap forward in protecting all workers and their families.
Affordable Child Care for Working Families
Americans believe that parents should be able to work without spending exorbitant amounts on childcare.
Half in Ten recently reported that the average cost of full-time child care ranges from $3,600 to $18,200 annually per child. Since there are 7.8 million families with children under age 6 that live below 200 percent of the poverty line--on less than about $36,000 annually for a family of three--that's just unacceptable (and it's unacceptable for the middle-class too).
Edelman reports that federal child care assistance currently reaches about one in seven children who qualify for it, the National Women's Law Center (NWLC) puts the number at one in six--either way it's bleak. Last year, only 1.7 million children received a federal child care subsidy, and Helen Blank, director of Childcare and Early Learning at NWLC, predicted that the number would fall to 1.5 million--the fewest children served since 1998.
The economy can't afford this lack of investment in working people and children.
"Child care plays two critical roles that support our economy," said Blank. "It helps children access the high-quality early learning environments they need to succeed, and it helps parents work."
In fact, in 2010 poverty rates for families headed by a single mother dropped from 40.7 percent to 14 percent when the mother had full-time, year-round employment--and child care is key to that equation. Research shows that low-income mothers who receive childcare subsidies are more likely to be employed, work more hours, and work standard schedules compared to mothers without subsidies.
But instead of bolstering childcare assistance we are moving in the opposite direction. It's funded primarily through the Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBC)--a fixed federal block grant so funding hasn't risen with increased demand--and it now faces serious cuts. Blank points to growing waiting lists--75,000 children in Florida, over 20,000 in Maryland, and 36,000 in Massachusetts. She said that in North Carolina, about one out of four families on the state's waiting list had lost or needed to quit their jobs while waiting for child care assistance.
Blank said child care needs a reauthorization with "significant new funds" so that children are in the kind of early-learning settings they need and deserve, and parents are able to work. Peer countries are able to provide affordable childcare, why can't we?
End Childhood Hunger
Americans intuitively recognize that there is no excuse for any child to go hungry in the wealthiest nation in the history of forever.
In a 2011 poll commissioned by Tyson Foods and the Food Research and Action Center (FRAC), 80 percent of respondents said they "strongly agree" with the statement that "in the United States of America, no one should go hungry."
And yet it is our most vulnerable population--children-- that are particularly suffering from hunger. More than 16 million live in food insecure households, including nearly 25 percent of all children under age 6, despite the fact that the parents of hungry children typically have full-time jobs. Hunger has a tremendous impact on young children's health, future potential, and cognitive, social and emotional development.
"There are lifelong implications," says Dr. Mariana Chilton, associate professor at Drexel University School of Public Health and co-principal investigator for Children's HealthWatch. "Children in food insecure households have more health problems, are more likely to be hospitalized, and have developmental delays. Young kids who are food insecure may arrive at kindergarten unprepared and never catch up with their peers."
In 2009, FRAC laid out seven steps to ending childhood hunger by 2015 that are still relevant today. They include a range of measures such as: raising the minimum wage; creating jobs with better wages for lower-income workers; improving the SNAP benefit (which averaged $4.30 per person per day in 2010); increasing participation in the school lunch, breakfast, after school and summer meal programs; improving WIC; engaging all federal agencies that interact with low-income children--whether it's the DOJ which funds afterschool programs, Treasury which does outreach to families regarding the Earned Income Tax Credit, or others; and creating a national stream of grants and loans to make sure there are decent grocery stores in low-income communities.
TANF: a path to good jobs for those who can work, assistance for those who can't
Americans are told TANF is a program that leads to self-sufficiency. It isn't.
The Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program created in 1996 was touted as assistance that would help families on a path towards self-sufficiency. It's tough to overstate what a bill of goods the American people are being sold when both parties claim it has been a success.
If success means reducing the number of families with children in poverty that receive cash assistance--from 68 for every 100 families in poverty, to 27 for every 100 over the past 16 years--then, yeah it was successful. But then why not just throw everyone off?
If it means not indexing TANF assistance to inflation, so that the benefit is now less than 30 percent of the poverty level in most states (less than $6000 annually for a family of three)... then it was successful.
If it means keeping TANF recipients in any kind of job in order to receive this meager TANF benefit and no actual wage--whether it's cleaning toilets, working in a cemetery, sweeping a county garage, or filing folders at an office--rather than helping people acquire the education and skills needed to secure family-supporting wages... then it was successful.
If it means cutting people with significant barriers to employment off of assistance because they reached an arbitrary, state-determined time limit or failed to meet a work requirement (no matter their individual circumstances)--then indeed the program has been successful. It has directly contributed to the fact that 20.4 million people are now living in deep poverty--at less than half of the poverty line, or less than $9,000 for a family of three--up from 12.6 million people in 2000. This number includes over 15 million women and children (nearly 10 percent of all children).
If success means virtually 50 different welfare systems--for the purpose of "state flexibility"--so that Wyoming provides assistance to just 4 families for every 100 with children in poverty, Mississippi reaches 10, and California 66... then it was successful.
The antipoverty community should fight for a TANF that meets some basic standards regarding who should receive it; supports people in work or education programs that lead to family-supporting rather than dead-end jobs (including through a vehicle like the TANF Emergency Fund that placed 260,000 unemployed low-income parents and young adults in subsidized jobs during the recession and enjoyed bipartisan support from governors); and that addresses the needs of families living in deep poverty--which are usually headed by people with the most significant barriers to employment, including mental and physical health challenges, lack of a high school diploma, caring for a child with special needs, or living with domestic violence--rather than simply throwing families off of assistance.
One possible piece of legislation to rally around is Wisconsin Congresswoman Gwen Moore's RISE Act. Among the changes it calls for are adjusting each state's block grant for inflation so it's no longer frozen at 1996 funding levels; allowing education to count towards work requirements; providing childcare for all work-eligible parents; and prohibiting time limits of less than 60 months.
Even if the antipoverty community were to win on subsidized jobs alone that would be a significant victory.
Conclusion
An Antipoverty Contract for 2013 wouldn't guarantee a win on one or any of these five issues this year. But it could engage people who currently aren't being reached by the antipoverty movement; demonstrate why the movement's policies are good for the entire nation; and offer an opportunity for people to work together for these and deeper reforms moving forward. I would be interested in constructive comments below, as well as in emails to weekinpoverty@me.com.
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This past year I've had the opportunity to cover the antipoverty movement--and I do believe it's a movement--it's just a little too much of a well-kept secret right now.
But I think in 2013, the people and groups at the forefront of antipoverty thinking and action are poised to reach a much wider audience, and gain far greater popular support.
That's in part because the movement is led by organizations and individuals who have been fighting poverty for decades, and they offer solutions that are grounded in empirical data and the every day experiences of millions of working Americans and families.
In contrast, the opposition to antipoverty reform relies largely on tired stereotypes, myths, and prejudices--that low-income people are lazy and don't want to work; that they only want handouts, or to live off of welfare; that antipoverty policies have failed; and, most recently, that we can't afford these investments.
But an economy that is short on opportunity and concentrates wealth in the hands of a few is coming into focus. The interests of low-income people and a shrinking middle-class are converging--everyone wants fair pay, a shot at a good education, and an economy defined by opportunity and upward mobility.
People are beginning to recognize that we have a proliferation of low wage work-- over 25 percent of the jobs in the nation pay less than the poverty line for a family of four, and 50 percent pay less than $34,000 a year. It's no wonder that 28 percent of all workers last year earned wages below the poverty line, and that more than 70 percent of low-income families and half of all families in poverty were working in 2011. (Low-income defined as living on less than 200 percent of the poverty line, or less than approximately $36,000 annually for a family of three--which now constitutes 106 million people, more than 1 in 3 Americans; poverty defined as living on less than $18,000 annually for a family of three, which now describes more than 46 million Americans.) People are looking for answers.
Currently, the antipoverty movement is largely in sync as it tries to protect programs that are vital to basic human needs during the fiscal debate. But I think there are things it can do in 2013--after the budget debate--to reach a wider audience and bring more people into its fold.
One possible change--or more like a tweak: many seem to focus on the lack of will in our political leadership to fight poverty; instead the primary focus might be on what the movement itself is doing to create political will.
What is it doing to make itself more visible? How is it creating new relationships between low-income and higher-income people? At any given conference on poverty-related issues, are the people who know poverty first hand presenting, leading, educating, and organizing? At a Congressional or local hearing on food stamps, TANF, SSI, or childcare--is the movement doing whatever it can to ensure that the people who have actually experienced the system are testifying? Are the more "white collar" organizations in the movement going into low-income communities to join people and groups who are organizing on the ground? Are these organizations showing up and also providing resources to protect homes, strengthen schools and neighborhoods, and stand with low-wage workers for better jobs? How are we coming together--rich, poor, and in between--and how are we working in silos? How are we speaking--or failing to speak--with a unified voice?
I also believe if the movement can coalesce around a simple, clear and concise antipoverty agenda--an Antipoverty Contract for 2013--it can engage new audiences and grow significantly. Choose four or five key policies that are easily grasped and in sync with most people's values, and forge new alliances around them. Whether or not the contract includes a group's particular issue, hopefully groups will take a leap of faith and help push it forward, knowing that it might lead to a stronger movement and broader and deeper reforms down the road.
Below is one possible Antipoverty Contract for 2013. I have no idea if these are the right choices--and there are some notable absences--on full employment, housing and education, to name a few.
But I hope this draft serves as a conversation starter among organizations, community groups, and people at the forefront of these fights--and that a core might emerge to coalesce and organize around a clear, focused antipoverty contract this year that might serve as a compelling organizing tool.
Raise the Minimum Wage
Americans generally believe that people who work hard should be able to pay for the basics, including food, housing, healthcare, and education.
As Peter Edelman notes in his book, So Rich, So Poor, for most of the 1960s and 70s the minimum wage paid enough to lift a family of three above the poverty line, about $18,000 today. Not so anymore. It has been raised only three times in the past thirty years and now stands at $7.25 per hour, which results in sub-poverty earnings of approximately $15,000 for a year-round, full-time employee.
The minimum wage for tipped workers is even worse--a stunning $2.13 per hour, and it's been locked there since 1991. As a result, food industry servers in the US are three times more likely than the general workforce to be paid sub-poverty wages and twice as likely to need food stamps.
If Congress had indexed the minimum wage to inflation--as they did for, say, individual campaign contribution limits or the new estate tax threshold--it would be $10.58 per hour today.
Of course, any attempt to raise the wage floor is met with claims from opponents that it will result in massive job losses. This has been shown repeatedly to be complete bunk. Further, a recent report by the National Employment Law Project found that 66 percent of low-wage employees work for large companies, not small businesses, and that more than 70 percent of the biggest low-wage employers have fully recovered from the recession and are enjoying strong profits.
The Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2012, introduced by Senator Tom Harkin and Representative George Miller, would raise the federal minimum wage to $9.80 by 2014, index it to inflation, and boost annual earnings to $19,600--above the poverty line for a family of three. It would also raise the tipped minimum wage to $6.85 over five years, and it would be fixed to 70 percent of the full minimum wage.
The Economic Policy Institute estimates the Harkin-Miller proposal would generate more than $25 billion in new consumer spending, which would lead to the creation of more than 100,000 new full-time jobs. It would also increase wages for nearly 30 million Americans--roughly one-fifth of the workforce--because raising the wage floor improves pay for workers who earn at or just above the minimum wage.
Paid sick and family leave for all workers
Americans know that someone should not have to choose between their own health--or caring for a sick child or relative--and a job. They believe that paid sick days are "a basic worker's right."
More than 40 percent of people in the private sector workforce--including 81 percent of low-wage workers--don't receive a single paid sick day. Millions more lack paid leave to care for a sick child or family member. Nearly 25 percent of workers polled said that they have lost a job or were told they would lose a job for taking time off to deal with a personal or family illness.
The US is virtually alone among other high-income countries in not setting a minimal standard for paid sick days, and is in the minority in not providing paid leave to care for a family member. For families in or near poverty, this is especially critical, since a few days' lost pay makes the struggle to provide the basics--like food--that much harder.
Across demographic and political backgrounds, 75 percent of Americans favor a law providing a "minimum number" of paid sick days for all workers, including 69 percent who strongly favor providing workers with 7 paid sick days per year.
The Healthy Families Act would allow workers in businesses with 15 or more employees to earn up to seven job-protected paid sick days each year--to recover from their own illnesses, access preventative care, or provide care for a sick family member.
This would be a significant leap forward in protecting all workers and their families.
Affordable Child Care for Working Families
Americans believe that parents should be able to work without spending exorbitant amounts on childcare.
Half in Ten recently reported that the average cost of full-time child care ranges from $3,600 to $18,200 annually per child. Since there are 7.8 million families with children under age 6 that live below 200 percent of the poverty line--on less than about $36,000 annually for a family of three--that's just unacceptable (and it's unacceptable for the middle-class too).
Edelman reports that federal child care assistance currently reaches about one in seven children who qualify for it, the National Women's Law Center (NWLC) puts the number at one in six--either way it's bleak. Last year, only 1.7 million children received a federal child care subsidy, and Helen Blank, director of Childcare and Early Learning at NWLC, predicted that the number would fall to 1.5 million--the fewest children served since 1998.
The economy can't afford this lack of investment in working people and children.
"Child care plays two critical roles that support our economy," said Blank. "It helps children access the high-quality early learning environments they need to succeed, and it helps parents work."
In fact, in 2010 poverty rates for families headed by a single mother dropped from 40.7 percent to 14 percent when the mother had full-time, year-round employment--and child care is key to that equation. Research shows that low-income mothers who receive childcare subsidies are more likely to be employed, work more hours, and work standard schedules compared to mothers without subsidies.
But instead of bolstering childcare assistance we are moving in the opposite direction. It's funded primarily through the Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBC)--a fixed federal block grant so funding hasn't risen with increased demand--and it now faces serious cuts. Blank points to growing waiting lists--75,000 children in Florida, over 20,000 in Maryland, and 36,000 in Massachusetts. She said that in North Carolina, about one out of four families on the state's waiting list had lost or needed to quit their jobs while waiting for child care assistance.
Blank said child care needs a reauthorization with "significant new funds" so that children are in the kind of early-learning settings they need and deserve, and parents are able to work. Peer countries are able to provide affordable childcare, why can't we?
End Childhood Hunger
Americans intuitively recognize that there is no excuse for any child to go hungry in the wealthiest nation in the history of forever.
In a 2011 poll commissioned by Tyson Foods and the Food Research and Action Center (FRAC), 80 percent of respondents said they "strongly agree" with the statement that "in the United States of America, no one should go hungry."
And yet it is our most vulnerable population--children-- that are particularly suffering from hunger. More than 16 million live in food insecure households, including nearly 25 percent of all children under age 6, despite the fact that the parents of hungry children typically have full-time jobs. Hunger has a tremendous impact on young children's health, future potential, and cognitive, social and emotional development.
"There are lifelong implications," says Dr. Mariana Chilton, associate professor at Drexel University School of Public Health and co-principal investigator for Children's HealthWatch. "Children in food insecure households have more health problems, are more likely to be hospitalized, and have developmental delays. Young kids who are food insecure may arrive at kindergarten unprepared and never catch up with their peers."
In 2009, FRAC laid out seven steps to ending childhood hunger by 2015 that are still relevant today. They include a range of measures such as: raising the minimum wage; creating jobs with better wages for lower-income workers; improving the SNAP benefit (which averaged $4.30 per person per day in 2010); increasing participation in the school lunch, breakfast, after school and summer meal programs; improving WIC; engaging all federal agencies that interact with low-income children--whether it's the DOJ which funds afterschool programs, Treasury which does outreach to families regarding the Earned Income Tax Credit, or others; and creating a national stream of grants and loans to make sure there are decent grocery stores in low-income communities.
TANF: a path to good jobs for those who can work, assistance for those who can't
Americans are told TANF is a program that leads to self-sufficiency. It isn't.
The Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program created in 1996 was touted as assistance that would help families on a path towards self-sufficiency. It's tough to overstate what a bill of goods the American people are being sold when both parties claim it has been a success.
If success means reducing the number of families with children in poverty that receive cash assistance--from 68 for every 100 families in poverty, to 27 for every 100 over the past 16 years--then, yeah it was successful. But then why not just throw everyone off?
If it means not indexing TANF assistance to inflation, so that the benefit is now less than 30 percent of the poverty level in most states (less than $6000 annually for a family of three)... then it was successful.
If it means keeping TANF recipients in any kind of job in order to receive this meager TANF benefit and no actual wage--whether it's cleaning toilets, working in a cemetery, sweeping a county garage, or filing folders at an office--rather than helping people acquire the education and skills needed to secure family-supporting wages... then it was successful.
If it means cutting people with significant barriers to employment off of assistance because they reached an arbitrary, state-determined time limit or failed to meet a work requirement (no matter their individual circumstances)--then indeed the program has been successful. It has directly contributed to the fact that 20.4 million people are now living in deep poverty--at less than half of the poverty line, or less than $9,000 for a family of three--up from 12.6 million people in 2000. This number includes over 15 million women and children (nearly 10 percent of all children).
If success means virtually 50 different welfare systems--for the purpose of "state flexibility"--so that Wyoming provides assistance to just 4 families for every 100 with children in poverty, Mississippi reaches 10, and California 66... then it was successful.
The antipoverty community should fight for a TANF that meets some basic standards regarding who should receive it; supports people in work or education programs that lead to family-supporting rather than dead-end jobs (including through a vehicle like the TANF Emergency Fund that placed 260,000 unemployed low-income parents and young adults in subsidized jobs during the recession and enjoyed bipartisan support from governors); and that addresses the needs of families living in deep poverty--which are usually headed by people with the most significant barriers to employment, including mental and physical health challenges, lack of a high school diploma, caring for a child with special needs, or living with domestic violence--rather than simply throwing families off of assistance.
One possible piece of legislation to rally around is Wisconsin Congresswoman Gwen Moore's RISE Act. Among the changes it calls for are adjusting each state's block grant for inflation so it's no longer frozen at 1996 funding levels; allowing education to count towards work requirements; providing childcare for all work-eligible parents; and prohibiting time limits of less than 60 months.
Even if the antipoverty community were to win on subsidized jobs alone that would be a significant victory.
Conclusion
An Antipoverty Contract for 2013 wouldn't guarantee a win on one or any of these five issues this year. But it could engage people who currently aren't being reached by the antipoverty movement; demonstrate why the movement's policies are good for the entire nation; and offer an opportunity for people to work together for these and deeper reforms moving forward. I would be interested in constructive comments below, as well as in emails to weekinpoverty@me.com.
This past year I've had the opportunity to cover the antipoverty movement--and I do believe it's a movement--it's just a little too much of a well-kept secret right now.
But I think in 2013, the people and groups at the forefront of antipoverty thinking and action are poised to reach a much wider audience, and gain far greater popular support.
That's in part because the movement is led by organizations and individuals who have been fighting poverty for decades, and they offer solutions that are grounded in empirical data and the every day experiences of millions of working Americans and families.
In contrast, the opposition to antipoverty reform relies largely on tired stereotypes, myths, and prejudices--that low-income people are lazy and don't want to work; that they only want handouts, or to live off of welfare; that antipoverty policies have failed; and, most recently, that we can't afford these investments.
But an economy that is short on opportunity and concentrates wealth in the hands of a few is coming into focus. The interests of low-income people and a shrinking middle-class are converging--everyone wants fair pay, a shot at a good education, and an economy defined by opportunity and upward mobility.
People are beginning to recognize that we have a proliferation of low wage work-- over 25 percent of the jobs in the nation pay less than the poverty line for a family of four, and 50 percent pay less than $34,000 a year. It's no wonder that 28 percent of all workers last year earned wages below the poverty line, and that more than 70 percent of low-income families and half of all families in poverty were working in 2011. (Low-income defined as living on less than 200 percent of the poverty line, or less than approximately $36,000 annually for a family of three--which now constitutes 106 million people, more than 1 in 3 Americans; poverty defined as living on less than $18,000 annually for a family of three, which now describes more than 46 million Americans.) People are looking for answers.
Currently, the antipoverty movement is largely in sync as it tries to protect programs that are vital to basic human needs during the fiscal debate. But I think there are things it can do in 2013--after the budget debate--to reach a wider audience and bring more people into its fold.
One possible change--or more like a tweak: many seem to focus on the lack of will in our political leadership to fight poverty; instead the primary focus might be on what the movement itself is doing to create political will.
What is it doing to make itself more visible? How is it creating new relationships between low-income and higher-income people? At any given conference on poverty-related issues, are the people who know poverty first hand presenting, leading, educating, and organizing? At a Congressional or local hearing on food stamps, TANF, SSI, or childcare--is the movement doing whatever it can to ensure that the people who have actually experienced the system are testifying? Are the more "white collar" organizations in the movement going into low-income communities to join people and groups who are organizing on the ground? Are these organizations showing up and also providing resources to protect homes, strengthen schools and neighborhoods, and stand with low-wage workers for better jobs? How are we coming together--rich, poor, and in between--and how are we working in silos? How are we speaking--or failing to speak--with a unified voice?
I also believe if the movement can coalesce around a simple, clear and concise antipoverty agenda--an Antipoverty Contract for 2013--it can engage new audiences and grow significantly. Choose four or five key policies that are easily grasped and in sync with most people's values, and forge new alliances around them. Whether or not the contract includes a group's particular issue, hopefully groups will take a leap of faith and help push it forward, knowing that it might lead to a stronger movement and broader and deeper reforms down the road.
Below is one possible Antipoverty Contract for 2013. I have no idea if these are the right choices--and there are some notable absences--on full employment, housing and education, to name a few.
But I hope this draft serves as a conversation starter among organizations, community groups, and people at the forefront of these fights--and that a core might emerge to coalesce and organize around a clear, focused antipoverty contract this year that might serve as a compelling organizing tool.
Raise the Minimum Wage
Americans generally believe that people who work hard should be able to pay for the basics, including food, housing, healthcare, and education.
As Peter Edelman notes in his book, So Rich, So Poor, for most of the 1960s and 70s the minimum wage paid enough to lift a family of three above the poverty line, about $18,000 today. Not so anymore. It has been raised only three times in the past thirty years and now stands at $7.25 per hour, which results in sub-poverty earnings of approximately $15,000 for a year-round, full-time employee.
The minimum wage for tipped workers is even worse--a stunning $2.13 per hour, and it's been locked there since 1991. As a result, food industry servers in the US are three times more likely than the general workforce to be paid sub-poverty wages and twice as likely to need food stamps.
If Congress had indexed the minimum wage to inflation--as they did for, say, individual campaign contribution limits or the new estate tax threshold--it would be $10.58 per hour today.
Of course, any attempt to raise the wage floor is met with claims from opponents that it will result in massive job losses. This has been shown repeatedly to be complete bunk. Further, a recent report by the National Employment Law Project found that 66 percent of low-wage employees work for large companies, not small businesses, and that more than 70 percent of the biggest low-wage employers have fully recovered from the recession and are enjoying strong profits.
The Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2012, introduced by Senator Tom Harkin and Representative George Miller, would raise the federal minimum wage to $9.80 by 2014, index it to inflation, and boost annual earnings to $19,600--above the poverty line for a family of three. It would also raise the tipped minimum wage to $6.85 over five years, and it would be fixed to 70 percent of the full minimum wage.
The Economic Policy Institute estimates the Harkin-Miller proposal would generate more than $25 billion in new consumer spending, which would lead to the creation of more than 100,000 new full-time jobs. It would also increase wages for nearly 30 million Americans--roughly one-fifth of the workforce--because raising the wage floor improves pay for workers who earn at or just above the minimum wage.
Paid sick and family leave for all workers
Americans know that someone should not have to choose between their own health--or caring for a sick child or relative--and a job. They believe that paid sick days are "a basic worker's right."
More than 40 percent of people in the private sector workforce--including 81 percent of low-wage workers--don't receive a single paid sick day. Millions more lack paid leave to care for a sick child or family member. Nearly 25 percent of workers polled said that they have lost a job or were told they would lose a job for taking time off to deal with a personal or family illness.
The US is virtually alone among other high-income countries in not setting a minimal standard for paid sick days, and is in the minority in not providing paid leave to care for a family member. For families in or near poverty, this is especially critical, since a few days' lost pay makes the struggle to provide the basics--like food--that much harder.
Across demographic and political backgrounds, 75 percent of Americans favor a law providing a "minimum number" of paid sick days for all workers, including 69 percent who strongly favor providing workers with 7 paid sick days per year.
The Healthy Families Act would allow workers in businesses with 15 or more employees to earn up to seven job-protected paid sick days each year--to recover from their own illnesses, access preventative care, or provide care for a sick family member.
This would be a significant leap forward in protecting all workers and their families.
Affordable Child Care for Working Families
Americans believe that parents should be able to work without spending exorbitant amounts on childcare.
Half in Ten recently reported that the average cost of full-time child care ranges from $3,600 to $18,200 annually per child. Since there are 7.8 million families with children under age 6 that live below 200 percent of the poverty line--on less than about $36,000 annually for a family of three--that's just unacceptable (and it's unacceptable for the middle-class too).
Edelman reports that federal child care assistance currently reaches about one in seven children who qualify for it, the National Women's Law Center (NWLC) puts the number at one in six--either way it's bleak. Last year, only 1.7 million children received a federal child care subsidy, and Helen Blank, director of Childcare and Early Learning at NWLC, predicted that the number would fall to 1.5 million--the fewest children served since 1998.
The economy can't afford this lack of investment in working people and children.
"Child care plays two critical roles that support our economy," said Blank. "It helps children access the high-quality early learning environments they need to succeed, and it helps parents work."
In fact, in 2010 poverty rates for families headed by a single mother dropped from 40.7 percent to 14 percent when the mother had full-time, year-round employment--and child care is key to that equation. Research shows that low-income mothers who receive childcare subsidies are more likely to be employed, work more hours, and work standard schedules compared to mothers without subsidies.
But instead of bolstering childcare assistance we are moving in the opposite direction. It's funded primarily through the Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBC)--a fixed federal block grant so funding hasn't risen with increased demand--and it now faces serious cuts. Blank points to growing waiting lists--75,000 children in Florida, over 20,000 in Maryland, and 36,000 in Massachusetts. She said that in North Carolina, about one out of four families on the state's waiting list had lost or needed to quit their jobs while waiting for child care assistance.
Blank said child care needs a reauthorization with "significant new funds" so that children are in the kind of early-learning settings they need and deserve, and parents are able to work. Peer countries are able to provide affordable childcare, why can't we?
End Childhood Hunger
Americans intuitively recognize that there is no excuse for any child to go hungry in the wealthiest nation in the history of forever.
In a 2011 poll commissioned by Tyson Foods and the Food Research and Action Center (FRAC), 80 percent of respondents said they "strongly agree" with the statement that "in the United States of America, no one should go hungry."
And yet it is our most vulnerable population--children-- that are particularly suffering from hunger. More than 16 million live in food insecure households, including nearly 25 percent of all children under age 6, despite the fact that the parents of hungry children typically have full-time jobs. Hunger has a tremendous impact on young children's health, future potential, and cognitive, social and emotional development.
"There are lifelong implications," says Dr. Mariana Chilton, associate professor at Drexel University School of Public Health and co-principal investigator for Children's HealthWatch. "Children in food insecure households have more health problems, are more likely to be hospitalized, and have developmental delays. Young kids who are food insecure may arrive at kindergarten unprepared and never catch up with their peers."
In 2009, FRAC laid out seven steps to ending childhood hunger by 2015 that are still relevant today. They include a range of measures such as: raising the minimum wage; creating jobs with better wages for lower-income workers; improving the SNAP benefit (which averaged $4.30 per person per day in 2010); increasing participation in the school lunch, breakfast, after school and summer meal programs; improving WIC; engaging all federal agencies that interact with low-income children--whether it's the DOJ which funds afterschool programs, Treasury which does outreach to families regarding the Earned Income Tax Credit, or others; and creating a national stream of grants and loans to make sure there are decent grocery stores in low-income communities.
TANF: a path to good jobs for those who can work, assistance for those who can't
Americans are told TANF is a program that leads to self-sufficiency. It isn't.
The Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program created in 1996 was touted as assistance that would help families on a path towards self-sufficiency. It's tough to overstate what a bill of goods the American people are being sold when both parties claim it has been a success.
If success means reducing the number of families with children in poverty that receive cash assistance--from 68 for every 100 families in poverty, to 27 for every 100 over the past 16 years--then, yeah it was successful. But then why not just throw everyone off?
If it means not indexing TANF assistance to inflation, so that the benefit is now less than 30 percent of the poverty level in most states (less than $6000 annually for a family of three)... then it was successful.
If it means keeping TANF recipients in any kind of job in order to receive this meager TANF benefit and no actual wage--whether it's cleaning toilets, working in a cemetery, sweeping a county garage, or filing folders at an office--rather than helping people acquire the education and skills needed to secure family-supporting wages... then it was successful.
If it means cutting people with significant barriers to employment off of assistance because they reached an arbitrary, state-determined time limit or failed to meet a work requirement (no matter their individual circumstances)--then indeed the program has been successful. It has directly contributed to the fact that 20.4 million people are now living in deep poverty--at less than half of the poverty line, or less than $9,000 for a family of three--up from 12.6 million people in 2000. This number includes over 15 million women and children (nearly 10 percent of all children).
If success means virtually 50 different welfare systems--for the purpose of "state flexibility"--so that Wyoming provides assistance to just 4 families for every 100 with children in poverty, Mississippi reaches 10, and California 66... then it was successful.
The antipoverty community should fight for a TANF that meets some basic standards regarding who should receive it; supports people in work or education programs that lead to family-supporting rather than dead-end jobs (including through a vehicle like the TANF Emergency Fund that placed 260,000 unemployed low-income parents and young adults in subsidized jobs during the recession and enjoyed bipartisan support from governors); and that addresses the needs of families living in deep poverty--which are usually headed by people with the most significant barriers to employment, including mental and physical health challenges, lack of a high school diploma, caring for a child with special needs, or living with domestic violence--rather than simply throwing families off of assistance.
One possible piece of legislation to rally around is Wisconsin Congresswoman Gwen Moore's RISE Act. Among the changes it calls for are adjusting each state's block grant for inflation so it's no longer frozen at 1996 funding levels; allowing education to count towards work requirements; providing childcare for all work-eligible parents; and prohibiting time limits of less than 60 months.
Even if the antipoverty community were to win on subsidized jobs alone that would be a significant victory.
Conclusion
An Antipoverty Contract for 2013 wouldn't guarantee a win on one or any of these five issues this year. But it could engage people who currently aren't being reached by the antipoverty movement; demonstrate why the movement's policies are good for the entire nation; and offer an opportunity for people to work together for these and deeper reforms moving forward. I would be interested in constructive comments below, as well as in emails to weekinpoverty@me.com.