Community activists in mining areas in South Africa face harassment, intimidation, and violence, the Centre for Environmental Rights, groundWork, Earthjustice, and Human Rights Watch said in a joint report and video released today. The attacks and harassment have created an atmosphere of fear for community members who mobilize to raise concerns about damage to their livelihoods from the serious environmental and health risks of mining and coal-fired power plants.
The 74-page report "'We Know Our Lives Are in Danger': Environment of Fear in South Africa's Mining-Affected Communities" and video cites activists' reports of intimidation, violence, damage to property, use of excessive force during peaceful protests, and arbitrary arrest for their activities in highlighting the negative impacts of mining projects on their communities. Municipalities often impose barriers to protest on organizers that have no legal basis. Government officials have failed to adequately investigate allegations of abuse, and some mining companies resort to frivolous lawsuits and social media campaigns to further curb opposition to their projects. The government has a constitutional obligation to protect activists.
"In communities across South Africa, the rights of activists to peacefully organize to protect their livelihoods and the environment from the harm of mining are under threat," said Matome Kapa, attorney at the Centre for Environmental Rights. "South African authorities should address the environmental and health concerns related to mining, instead of harassing the activists voicing these concerns."
The Centre for Environmental Rights, groundWork, Earthjustice, and Human Rights Watch documented the targeting of community rights defenders in KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Northwest, and Eastern Cape provinces between 2013 and 2018. The groups conducted interviews with more than 100 activists, community leaders, environmental groups, lawyers representing activists, police, and municipal officials. Researchers also wrote to the relevant government agencies and to many of the mining companies in the research areas. Four out of eleven companies responded. The Minerals Council South Africa, which represents 77 mining companies, including some in the research areas, has stated that it "is not aware of any threats or attacks against community rights defenders where [its] members operate."
Community members in mining areas have experienced threats, physical attacks, or damage to their property that they believe is a consequence of their activism. They described being assaulted, intimidated, threatened, and their property damaged.
"We know our lives are in danger," one activist from KwaZulu Natal said. "This is part of the struggle." Women often play a leading role in voicing these concerns, making them potential targets for harassment and attacks.
In one high profile case in Xolobeni, Eastern Cape province, Sikhosiphi "Bazooka" Rhadebe was killed at his home in March 2016. He and other community members had raised concerns about displacement and destruction of the environment from a titanium mine proposed by the Australian company Transworld Energy and Mineral Resources. No suspects have been arrested in connection with the killing.
But many of the attacks go unreported or unnoticed, in part because of fear of retaliation for speaking out, and because police sometimes do not investigate the attacks, the groups found.
"South African authorities and companies should ensure zero tolerance toward threats and abuses against rights defenders in mining-affected communities," said Katharina Rall, environment researcher at Human Rights Watch. "Government departments and the police have an obligation to investigate incidents and work with mining companies to create an environment conducive to freedom of speech and to reporting threats against defenders."
Municipalities infringed on citizen's rights to freedom of assembly, imposing extra-legal requirements for protests, despite constitutional guarantees established in South African law. In other cases, it was companies themselves that requested community activists notify them of their upcoming protests, wrongfully claiming that this was a legal requirement.
Some companies have used the courts to harass activists by asking for financial penalties, seeking court orders to prevent protests, or filing vexatious lawsuits.
These meritless lawsuits - known as "Strategic lawsuits against public participation," or SLAPPs - are a growing trend globally that South Africa could tackle by adopting new legislation. SLAPPs can silence activists by hitting them with the cost and burden of mounting a legal defense. Companies have also used social media campaigns to harass activists and organizations who are challenging them, inflicting an emotional and reputational toll on defenders.
"Municipalities and mining companies want to suppress protests," said Ramin Pejan, staff attorney at Earthjustice. "But suppressing protest does not solve the underlying concerns of these communities, and upholding the rights to free speech and peaceful assembly is their legal obligation."
The groups also found a pattern of police misconduct during peaceful protests in mining-affected communities, including violently dispersing demonstrations or arbitrarily arresting and detaining protesters. South African police have also injured peaceful protesters with teargas and rubber bullets.
"These patterns of police violence and company tactics combine to create an environment of fear for community rights defenders and environmental justice groups in South Africa," said Robby Mokgalaka, Coal Campaign manager at groundWork. "For some, this has meant reducing or stopping their activism. But for many, it means putting their lives at risk while they are continuing the struggle."
Read the release online
"'We Know Our Lives Are in Danger': Environment of Fear in South Africa's Mining-Affected Communities" is available at:
https://www.hrw.org/node/329036
download video
An interview with Robby Mokgalaka, Coal Campaign manager at groundWork, a South African environmental justice organization, is available at:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/16/interview-dangers-opposing-mining-south-africa
For more groundWork reporting, please visit:
www.groundwork.org.za
For more Centre of Environmental Rights reporting, please visit:
https://cer.org.za/
For more Earthjustice reporting, please visit:
https://earthjustice.org/about/offices/international
For more Human Rights Watch reporting on Environment and Human Rights, please visit:
https://www.hrw.org/topic/environment
For more Human Rights Watch reporting on South Africa, please visit:
https://www.hrw.org/africa/south-africa
