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frances moore lappe
The Shocking Tale of Two Generations
What if we were to acknowledge -- to really let sink in -- that we have arrived at this tragic place in no time at all, historically speaking? Might we even feel entitled to hope and thus motivated to work for transformational shift of the kind the Green New Deal now envisions? One in which we effectively address climate change as we also tackle economic inequity?
First, though, check out the chart below:
In ten columns is the tale of two generations. The blue bars capture the late 1940s through the early '70s when real family income roughly doubled for every income quintile, with the poor gaining the most.
Then...whoa! From the early '70s through the early 2000s, progress slows radically and the pattern of who gains most reverses: The richest score big time, while the poorest advance virtually not at all. Such dramatically deepening inequality has continued to worsen, not only reducing economic opportunities but shortening lives as well: The life-span gap between the richest and poorest American males is 15 years, and in recent years, overall longevity has declined.
The contrasts between these two generations is staggering; but now consider an international comparison that might strike some as yet more shocking. America, long-perceived as a paragon of "middle class" prosperity, now ranks by family income as more extreme than over 100 countries, from Russia to Bangladesh to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, according to the CIA World Factbook.
These contrasts alone should signal the truth that there is nothing inevitable about this disgrace. Not long ago we experienced more equitable income growth, linked to much greater prosperity. So, what happened to us?
Most important, our beliefs changed -- or rather, they were changed. We humans are creatures of the mind. We create our world according to what we believe is both right and possible, and our ideas, absorbed via story, create filters through which we see. So "believing is seeing," not the other way around. Both Plato and the Hopi Indians are credited with noting, "those who tell the story rule the world"; and in these two periods, different storytellers told very different stories.
In the first period (blue bars), Americans absorbed the notion that we could all advance together -- that government was established to support the "general welfare." After all, that is what our constitution's preamble affirms as a purpose of our government.
The first period benefited from FDR's New Deal that catalyzed sweeping gains for all Americans -- from establishing the minimum wage and Social Security, to strengthening workers' rights to organize, to bolstering banking industry rules. Well into mid-century, both Republicans and Democrats embraced government as a partner in setting standards and expanding opportunity.
Republican Dwight Eisenhower ran on a platform that included the pledge to "more effectively protect the rights of labor unions" and to "assure equal pay for equal work regardless of sex"; Democrat Lyndon Johnson launched the War on Poverty, which helped cut the poverty rate almost in half between 1959 and 1969; and Republican Richard Nixon signed the Clean Air act into law in 1970.
But soon, the business community feared it was losing ground and began actively, and effectively, putting forth an opposing story, as laid out in Jane Mayer's Dark Money. In 1971, the Chamber of Commerce commissioned a corporate lawyer, Lewis Powell, to prepare a game plan, known now as the "Powell Memo," for regaining ground for business. Soon thereafter, in 1977, Ronald Reagan warned Americans to "use the vitality and the magic of the marketplace to save this way of life." And by 1981, he famously declared, "in this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem."
In the ensuing decades, the story that a market freed from government tampering would bring prosperity for all was propagated through big-money-funded think tanks, politicians, the media, and educational materials, from grade school to graduate school.
Legislation and court decisions have weakened protections, making it harder, for example, for labor to organize. In the 1960s, about a third of workers were union members, but today this figure is less than 10 percent. And since 1968, when our minimum wage was $8.68 (in 2016 adjusted dollars), its purchasing power has fallen by 16 percent. Safety nets were tattered, too, as Bill Clinton's welfare reform ended "welfare as we know it."
We often hear the reversal of the second period blamed on job-killing technology and "globalization" in which corporations shift operations, and thus jobs, to low-wage countries where workers have few, if any, protections. So, of course, American workers' bargaining power eroded.
But, if true, other industrial nations' labor markets would have seen a shift of wealth to the top similar to ours. But no. Western Europe saw only a modest increase in inequality.
Today we are also told that fighting for transformative change is naive, that the Green New Deal, for example, is unrealistic because it prioritizes economic equity as integral to confronting climate change. However, Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's brilliant video message, set in an imagined future in which we look back on successes achieved today, asks us to believe we can change this story. Showing us possibilities that can arise from a Green New Deal, she declares, "we can be anything we have the power to see."
Looking back now on the "tale of two generations," it's clear that when we Americans have acted from the premise of connected fates and have stayed true to our constitution's mandate to promote the "general welfare," we have accomplished what was before believed to be impossible.
Indeed, given America's revolutionary birth, isn't transformational change our very birthright?
The People's Publisher Who Changed My Life Forever
Betty had asked if she could meet with me on her way to Stanford to talk with Paul Ehrlich about his recent book The Population Bomb. Wow, I'd thought. He was already famous, and me? I'd had never published even so much as a letter to the editor, and, truth be told, I'd gotten a D on my first college English paper.
But curiosity had gotten the best of me, and soon, leaving behind my doubts, I knew I had to answer a huge question: Why are so many people going hungry in our world? I dug in at the university agriculture library and drafted a little booklet to share with friends in the Bay Area. I was excited that my search had unearthed some great news: Hunger is not inevitable. There's more than enough food for all. I called the booklet Diet for a Small Planet.
Earlier, I'd been approached by a local "politically correct" alternative publishing group who'd tried to scare me, telling me that Ballantine was mafia connected and would shred any book remainders and dump them into the Bay.
That morning, we drove to my home in Pt. Richmond, where I prepared a simple vegetarian lunch for us. All I remember is her sincere interest in my research, and her final words at the door: "Frankie, whoever publishes your work, I'll buy it."
Note that Betty and her husband Ian Ballantine are considered among the founders of paperback publishing in America, making books vastly more accessible. After their marriage in 1939, the two were sent to New York by Penguin in the UK to create its US arm. Six years later they helped create Bantam Books. Then, in 1952 the couple formed Ballantine Books, known for the Lord of the Rings trilogy, and so much more.
Betty was pure heart, no hard sell. After meeting Betty, the warnings of the other publishing house seemed highly implausible, even ridiculous. So, my choice had been easy, and soon I was under contract with Ballantine for a 1971 release. It was Betty's brilliant idea to add recipes illustrative of my lessons about the personal and planet-advantages of a plant-centered diet. And soon I was at work with gram scales in my kitchen weighing ingredients for the best balance of protein sources and then enlisting friends to test my results.
Jump forward to a few years ago, and I'm on way from Boston to visit Betty at her long-time residence in Bearsville, New York. I'd not seen her in decades, but we'd stayed in touch as the book continued to sell, ultimately millions in multiple languages and three editions. I'd decided it was high time for a formal expression of gratitude, so I brought along a bouquet and carefully pondered my words of thanks.
After hours of talk and laughter, finally I had the nerve to ask, "Betty, why did you take a chance on me? I've never published a thing." Without a moment's hesitation and grinning big, Betty said: "Frankie, it was the ideas! I figure if you couldn't write it, I could do that." And, I believed her. Such confidence in me (and herself!) had opened the way for a lifetime of work: I recently published my nineteenth book. (To heck with that "D"!)
Clearly, Betty Ballantine was a publisher for one reason: She believed ideas could change the world for the better. Over the years, to make this point about her, I'd mention that the Ballantines in 1970 had published Defoliation, describing US actions creating long-lasting harm in Vietnam. Never meant to be a big seller, I'm sure.
So, let's take a moment to celebrate Betty Ballantine and all who believe in the power of ideas, and are willing to take risks to bring new ones to light. Thank you.
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