Screenshot from Francois Truffaut's 1966 adaptation of Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451
Author Ray Bradbury died in Los Angeles on June 5, 2012, at the age of 91.
Bradbury is best known for his his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953. An indictment of authoritarianism, Fahrenheit 451 portrays a book-burning America of the near future, its central character a so-called fireman, whose job is to light the bonfires. (Fahrenheit 451 refers to the temperature at which paper ignites.)
Now a tribute to Bradbury has been proposed to let internet users know when a government is blocking access to a website.
We've all seen "404 Not Found", "403 Forbidden" or "500 Internal Server Error" error messages, but the Internet has no message when content has been intentionally removed -- for legal reasons or censorship.
After his ISP was ordered to block access to the file-sharing site the Pirate Bay, U.K. blogger Terence Eden pointed out a problem: When he tried to connect to the site, he received a 403 Forbidden error, which implies that the Pirate Bay--not the government--was denying him access. The 403 Forbidden error was "factually incorrect" and Eden proposed a new code to indicate "censorship."
Google programmer Tim Bray has now proposed a new HTTP error code in Ray Bradbury's honor: 451, "Legally restricted" -- an unambiguous code that ISPs can return when a user requests a page that has been censored.
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The Guardianreports:
Tim Bray, a fan of Bradbury's writing, is recommending to the Internet Engineering Task Force, which governs such choices, that when access to a website is denied for legal reasons the user is given the status code 451.
There are already a host of HTTP status codes, from the common 404 Not Found to 504 Gateway Timeout. The 451 idea follows a blogpost from Terence Eden, who found that his ISP had been ordered to censor the Pirate Bay when he was given an HTTP 403 Forbidden message, meaning that "the server understood the request, but is refusing to fulfil it". In fact, Eden writes on his blog, it was not Pirate Bay that was preventing access but the government, after Britain's high court issued an order to ISPs to block access to the filesharing site in April, so the response was "factually incorrect", and a new code is needed to indicate "censorship".
"We can never do away entirely with legal restrictions on freedom of speech. On the other hand, I feel that when such restrictions are imposed, they should be done so transparently; for example, most civilized people find Britain's system of superinjunctions loathsome and terrifying," Bray told the Guardian. "While we may agree on the existence of certain restrictions, we should be nervous whenever we do it; thus the reference to the dystopian vision of Fahrenheit 451 may be helpful. Also, since the internet exists in several of the many futures imagined by Bradbury, it would be nice for a tip of the hat in his direction from the net, in the year of his death."
The Internet Engineering Task Force is likely to look at his proposal when it next meets in late July, Bray said. "This is a smart and conservative group and it's possible that someone will point out a fatal flaw in the idea, or that while such a status code is sensible, the number '451' is inappropriate for technical reasons. I'd be mildly surprised, but not too terribly; designing the internet is hard," said Bray. "On the other hand, assuming the IETF smiles on the idea, the work of deploying it in web servers and browsers would be easy and straightforward, and I would expect to see fairly rapid uptake."
It's not clear whether Bradbury would have welcomed a proposal to honor his memory in an internet error code. He said in an interview in 2009 that "the internet is a big distraction". "They wanted to put a book of mine on Yahoo! You know what I told them? 'To hell with you. To hell with you and to hell with the internet.' It's distracting," he told the New York Times. "It's meaningless; it's not real. It's in the air somewhere."
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Author Ray Bradbury died in Los Angeles on June 5, 2012, at the age of 91.
Bradbury is best known for his his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953. An indictment of authoritarianism, Fahrenheit 451 portrays a book-burning America of the near future, its central character a so-called fireman, whose job is to light the bonfires. (Fahrenheit 451 refers to the temperature at which paper ignites.)
Now a tribute to Bradbury has been proposed to let internet users know when a government is blocking access to a website.
We've all seen "404 Not Found", "403 Forbidden" or "500 Internal Server Error" error messages, but the Internet has no message when content has been intentionally removed -- for legal reasons or censorship.
After his ISP was ordered to block access to the file-sharing site the Pirate Bay, U.K. blogger Terence Eden pointed out a problem: When he tried to connect to the site, he received a 403 Forbidden error, which implies that the Pirate Bay--not the government--was denying him access. The 403 Forbidden error was "factually incorrect" and Eden proposed a new code to indicate "censorship."
Google programmer Tim Bray has now proposed a new HTTP error code in Ray Bradbury's honor: 451, "Legally restricted" -- an unambiguous code that ISPs can return when a user requests a page that has been censored.
* * *
The Guardianreports:
Tim Bray, a fan of Bradbury's writing, is recommending to the Internet Engineering Task Force, which governs such choices, that when access to a website is denied for legal reasons the user is given the status code 451.
There are already a host of HTTP status codes, from the common 404 Not Found to 504 Gateway Timeout. The 451 idea follows a blogpost from Terence Eden, who found that his ISP had been ordered to censor the Pirate Bay when he was given an HTTP 403 Forbidden message, meaning that "the server understood the request, but is refusing to fulfil it". In fact, Eden writes on his blog, it was not Pirate Bay that was preventing access but the government, after Britain's high court issued an order to ISPs to block access to the filesharing site in April, so the response was "factually incorrect", and a new code is needed to indicate "censorship".
"We can never do away entirely with legal restrictions on freedom of speech. On the other hand, I feel that when such restrictions are imposed, they should be done so transparently; for example, most civilized people find Britain's system of superinjunctions loathsome and terrifying," Bray told the Guardian. "While we may agree on the existence of certain restrictions, we should be nervous whenever we do it; thus the reference to the dystopian vision of Fahrenheit 451 may be helpful. Also, since the internet exists in several of the many futures imagined by Bradbury, it would be nice for a tip of the hat in his direction from the net, in the year of his death."
The Internet Engineering Task Force is likely to look at his proposal when it next meets in late July, Bray said. "This is a smart and conservative group and it's possible that someone will point out a fatal flaw in the idea, or that while such a status code is sensible, the number '451' is inappropriate for technical reasons. I'd be mildly surprised, but not too terribly; designing the internet is hard," said Bray. "On the other hand, assuming the IETF smiles on the idea, the work of deploying it in web servers and browsers would be easy and straightforward, and I would expect to see fairly rapid uptake."
It's not clear whether Bradbury would have welcomed a proposal to honor his memory in an internet error code. He said in an interview in 2009 that "the internet is a big distraction". "They wanted to put a book of mine on Yahoo! You know what I told them? 'To hell with you. To hell with you and to hell with the internet.' It's distracting," he told the New York Times. "It's meaningless; it's not real. It's in the air somewhere."
# # #
Author Ray Bradbury died in Los Angeles on June 5, 2012, at the age of 91.
Bradbury is best known for his his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953. An indictment of authoritarianism, Fahrenheit 451 portrays a book-burning America of the near future, its central character a so-called fireman, whose job is to light the bonfires. (Fahrenheit 451 refers to the temperature at which paper ignites.)
Now a tribute to Bradbury has been proposed to let internet users know when a government is blocking access to a website.
We've all seen "404 Not Found", "403 Forbidden" or "500 Internal Server Error" error messages, but the Internet has no message when content has been intentionally removed -- for legal reasons or censorship.
After his ISP was ordered to block access to the file-sharing site the Pirate Bay, U.K. blogger Terence Eden pointed out a problem: When he tried to connect to the site, he received a 403 Forbidden error, which implies that the Pirate Bay--not the government--was denying him access. The 403 Forbidden error was "factually incorrect" and Eden proposed a new code to indicate "censorship."
Google programmer Tim Bray has now proposed a new HTTP error code in Ray Bradbury's honor: 451, "Legally restricted" -- an unambiguous code that ISPs can return when a user requests a page that has been censored.
* * *
The Guardianreports:
Tim Bray, a fan of Bradbury's writing, is recommending to the Internet Engineering Task Force, which governs such choices, that when access to a website is denied for legal reasons the user is given the status code 451.
There are already a host of HTTP status codes, from the common 404 Not Found to 504 Gateway Timeout. The 451 idea follows a blogpost from Terence Eden, who found that his ISP had been ordered to censor the Pirate Bay when he was given an HTTP 403 Forbidden message, meaning that "the server understood the request, but is refusing to fulfil it". In fact, Eden writes on his blog, it was not Pirate Bay that was preventing access but the government, after Britain's high court issued an order to ISPs to block access to the filesharing site in April, so the response was "factually incorrect", and a new code is needed to indicate "censorship".
"We can never do away entirely with legal restrictions on freedom of speech. On the other hand, I feel that when such restrictions are imposed, they should be done so transparently; for example, most civilized people find Britain's system of superinjunctions loathsome and terrifying," Bray told the Guardian. "While we may agree on the existence of certain restrictions, we should be nervous whenever we do it; thus the reference to the dystopian vision of Fahrenheit 451 may be helpful. Also, since the internet exists in several of the many futures imagined by Bradbury, it would be nice for a tip of the hat in his direction from the net, in the year of his death."
The Internet Engineering Task Force is likely to look at his proposal when it next meets in late July, Bray said. "This is a smart and conservative group and it's possible that someone will point out a fatal flaw in the idea, or that while such a status code is sensible, the number '451' is inappropriate for technical reasons. I'd be mildly surprised, but not too terribly; designing the internet is hard," said Bray. "On the other hand, assuming the IETF smiles on the idea, the work of deploying it in web servers and browsers would be easy and straightforward, and I would expect to see fairly rapid uptake."
It's not clear whether Bradbury would have welcomed a proposal to honor his memory in an internet error code. He said in an interview in 2009 that "the internet is a big distraction". "They wanted to put a book of mine on Yahoo! You know what I told them? 'To hell with you. To hell with you and to hell with the internet.' It's distracting," he told the New York Times. "It's meaningless; it's not real. It's in the air somewhere."
# # #