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FBI Ramps Up Next Generation ID Roll-Out—Will You End Up in the Database?
NextGov.com is reporting that the FBI will begin rolling out its Next Generation Identification (NGI) facial recognition service as early as this January. Once NGI is fully deployed and once each of its approximately 100 million records also includes photographs, it will become trivially easy to find and track Americans.
As we detailed in an earlier post, NGI expands the FBI’s IAFIS criminal and civil fingerprint database to include multimodal biometric identifiers such as iris scans, palm prints, photos, and voice data. The Bureau is planning to introduce each of these capabilities in phases (pdf, p.4) over the next two and a half years, starting with facial recognition in four states—Michigan, Washington, Florida, and North Carolina—this winter.
Why Should We Be Worried?
Despite the FBI’s claims to the contrary, NGI will result in a massive expansion of government data collection for both criminal and noncriminal purposes. IAFIS is already the largest biometric database in the world—it includes 70 million subjects in the criminal master file and more than 31 million civil fingerprints. Even if there are duplicate entries or some overlap between civil and criminal records, the combined number of records covers close to 1/3 the population of the United States. When NGI allows photographs and other biometric identifiers to be linked to each of those records, all easily searchable through sophisticated search tools, it will have an unprecedented impact on Americans' privacy interests.
Although IAFIS currently includes some photos, they have so far been limited specifically to mug shots linked to individual criminal records. However, according to a 2008 Privacy Impact Assessment for NGI’s Interstate Photo System, NGI will allow unlimited submission of photos and types of photos. Photos won’t be limited to frontal mug shots but may be taken from other angles and may include close-ups of scars, marks and tattoos. NGI will allow all levels of law enforcement, correctional facilities, and criminal justice agencies at the local, state, federal and even international level to submit and access photos, and will allow them to submit photos in bulk. Once the photos are in the database, they can be found easily using facial recognition and text-based searches for distinguishing characteristics.
The new NGI database will also allow law enforcement to submit public and private security camera photos that may or may not be linked to a specific person’s record. This means that anyone could end up in the database—even if they’re not involved in a crime— by just happening to be in the wrong place at the wrong time or by, for example, engaging in political protest activities in areas like Lower Manhattan that are rife with security cameras.
The biggest change in NGI will be the addition of non-criminal photos. If you apply for any type of job that requires fingerprinting or a background check, your potential employer could require you to submit a photo to the FBI. And, as the 2008 PIA notes, “expanding the photo capability within the NGI [Interstate Photo System] will also expand the searchable photos that are currently maintained in the repository.” Although noncriminal information is ostensibly kept separate from criminal, all the data will be in the NGI system, and presumably it would not be difficult to search all the data at once. The FBI does not say whether there is any way to ever have your photo removed from the database.
Technological Advancements Support Even Greater Tracking Capabilities
According to an FBI presentation on facial recognition and identification initiatives (pdf, p.5) at a biometrics conference last year, one of the FBI’s goals for NGI is to be able to track people as they move from one location to another. Recent advancements in camera and surveillance technology over the last few years will support this goal. For example, in a National Institute of Justice presentation (pdf, p.17) at the same 2010 biometrics conference, the agency discussed a new 3D binocular and camera that allows realtime facial acquisition and recognition at 1000 meters. The tool wirelessly transmits images to a server, which searches them against a photo database and identifies the photo's subject. As of 2010, these binoculars were already in field-testing with the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department. Presumably, the backend technology for these binoculars could be incorporated into other tools like body-mounted video camerasor the MORIS (Mobile Offender Recognition and Information System) iPhone add-on that some police officers are already using.

Private security cameras and the cameras already in use by police departments have also advanced. They are more capable of capturing the details and facial features necessary to support facial recognition-based searches, and the software supporting them allows photo manipulation that can improve the chances of matching a photo to a person already in the database. For example, Gigapixel technology, which creates a panorama photo of lots of megapixel images stitched together (like those taken by security cameras), allows anyone viewing the photo to drill down to see and tag faces from even the largest crowd photos. And image enhancement software, already in use by some local law enforcement, can adjust photos "taken in the wild" (pdf, p.10) so they work better with facial recognition searches.
Cameras are also being incorporated into more and more devices that are capable of tracking Americans and can provide that data to law enforcement. For example, one of the largest manufacturers of highway toll collection systems recently filed a patent application to incorporate cameras into the transponder that sits on the dashboard in your car. This manufacturer's transponders are already in 22 million cars, and law enforcement already uses this data to track subjects. While a patent application does not mean the company is currently manufacturing or trying to sell the devices, it certainly shows they're interested.
Data Sharing and Publicly-Available Information Will Supplement the FBI's Database
Data sharing between the FBI and other government agencies and the repurposing of photographs taken for noncriminal activities will further support the FBI's ability to track people as they move from one location to another. At least 31 states have already started using some form of facial recognition with their DMV photos, generally to stop fraud and identity theft, and the Bureau has already worked with North Carolina, one of the four states in the NGI pilot program, to track criminals using the state’s DMV records. The Department of Justice came under fire earlier this year for populating the NGI database with non-criminal data from the Department of Homeland Security through the Secure Communities program and could be considering doing the same with facial-recognition ready DMV photos. Even if the FBI does not incorporate DMV photos en masse directly into NGI, the fact that most states allow law enforcement access to these records combined with the new expansion of the FBI's own photo database, may make this point moot.
Commercial sites like Facebook that collect data and include facial recognition capabilities could also become a honeypot for the government. The FBI’s 2008 Privacy Impact Assessment stated that the NGI/IAFIS photo database does not collect information from “commercial data aggregators,” however, the PIA acknowledges this information could be collected and added to the database by other NGI users like state and local law enforcement agencies. Further, the FBI's 2010 facial recognition presentation (pdf, p.5) notes another goal of NGI is to “Identify[ ] subjects in public datasets.” If Facebook falls into the FBI’s category of a public dataset, it may have almost as much revealing information as a commercial data aggregator.
The Problem of False Positives in Large Data Sets
As the FBI's facial recognition database gets larger and as more agencies at every level of government rely on facial recognition to identify people, false positives—someone being misidentified as the perpetrator of a crime—will become a big problem. As this 2009 report (pdf) by Helen Nissenbaum and Lucas Introna notes, facial recognition
performs rather poorly in more complex attempts to identify individuals who do not voluntarily self-identify . . . Specifically, the “face in the crowd” scenario, in which a face is picked out from a crowd in an uncontrolled environment, is unlikely to become an operational reality for the foreseeable future.
(p. 3). The researchers go on to note that this is not necessarily because the technology is not good enough but because "there is not enough information (or variation) in faces to discriminate over large populations." (p.47) In layman's terms, this means that because so many people in the world look alike, the probability that any facial recognition system will regularly misidentify people becomes much higher as the data set (the population of people you are checking against) gets larger. German Federal Data Protection Commissioner Peter Schaar has noted false positives in facial recognition systems pose a large problem for democratic societies. "[I]n the event of a genuine hunt, [they] render innocent people suspects for a time, create a need for justification on their part and make further checks by the authorities unavoidable.”(p.37)
It appears it will take a few years for the FBI to bring NGI up to its full potential. In the meantime, we will continue to monitor this troubling trend.
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18 Comments so far
Show AllAs an avid science fiction fan the major part of my life, so many of those stories read over the years already have or are now coming to pass. Asimov, Clark, Heinlein, and the rest really were prophets.
Orwell.
Note to authoritarian: 1984 was not a "how to" manual.
Hell I'm already there! had to ID for my clearance's all their missing is DNA, likely got that from my Dr. by now! With all the CCTV cameras and auto spies / Smart phones ready to give our exact location, with sound and picture.. how can escape? >^^<
Oh hell. I've been in their database since the 60's, finger prints and all. Unless you are doing something really bad, like a DUI or murder, they probably won't even look sideways at you. At an Oak Ridge Nuke Plant protest I screamed my soc sec # repeatedly at the cops, the marshalls, and the security guys...nada. The FBI don't much care unless you really do something stupid...like hide their guns.
Blow your mind with Taylor Caldwell's "Devil's Advocate"... the prophecy from her 1952 book is astonishing. Like city cops paid off duty to do the bidding of big corps. READ IT
Taylor Caldwell was a right wing militarist. I read the book. It sucks.
Remember when these kind of draconian measures were instituted by the Worst President Ever after 9/11 and our privacy and civil rights were imperiled? Also, when idiots who looked at this growing surveillance state as a good thing said it kept us "safe from the terrorists"? They were the kind of folks who said that "If you haven't done anything wrong, you don't have anything to worry about." I don't trust ANY government agency to respect my privacy and civil rights, not even Obama's gutless "Justice" Department. This the foundation of fascism, the system of social control and intimidation that the ruling class feels is necessary to keep the rabble in line. Maybe we will never have anything as overt as the telescreen in "1984" but this is another step in that direction. I don't even recognize this country any longer. How quickly we forget that a Republican president, Eisenhower, who warned us about the deleterious effects of the MIC would have decried this development.
"Maybe we will never have anything as overt as the telescreen in "1984" but this is another step in that direction."
Hi maritimus, you are years late on that one. Many have installed something far more powerful than that into their home.
The xbox 360 kinect has multiple cameras and a microphone, and automatically connects to the internet if it can. Once connected It runs whatever software Microsoft wish it to run, that is to say, that Microsoft (and therefore the US govt) have the ability to remotely download new firmware containing whatever they wish, and you have no way of know what software it is running. Such software can capture images, sound, video and even swivel the camera if they so wished. You set these cameras up in your living room in order to play certain games, and no doubt, if the cameras dont work, you will take them back to the store.
Microsoft have claimed that they will not peek through the cameras, while simultaneously inserting clauses into the user licence (EULA) which permits them to share the photos obtained through the xbox 360 with commercial partners.
Other games machines have similar capacities.
This is welcomed into peoples houses. I have explained this, as well as how the hypervisor works, to several people. The only response that I have ever gotten is that they have nothing to hide and that they therefore dont mind.
Yep. I was on about this several months back and there were few if any comments. Prog-populists and Dim lite faux populists alike are DANGEROUSLY, CRAVENLY WEAK on high-tech full frontal assaults on civil liberties at every level of our society (local, State & Federal).
According to information leaked in Congress during the Bush-Cheney Junta, fully 70% of our "intelligence gathering" in this country is now corporately privatized. This information is both shared and sold among private/government hybrid entities to unknown degrees. We know not who all will end up with details of our identity down to our individual DNA structure.
There is the FBI/corporate direct "anti-terrorist" interface INFRAGARD (perfect for company blacklisting of ANY dissenters on a massive, detailed and unprecedented scale). All these DHS/FBI/ICE/NORTHCOM/militarized CIA etc., agencies and the privatized intell companies (over 1900 according to Dana Milbank of the Washington Post in PBS Frontline's documentary Top Secret America) are working towards data sharing interoperability from the federal agency chiefs down to the local police. This smooth hierarchy of police state structure and communications is, at its core, structurally identical to the Nazi unification of police powers from the national Schutzstaffel (SS), to the Gestapo (local political police who reported in their chain of command all the way to the top in many cases) to the Grun-polizei (Green Police) who seeded communities with bribed or threatened informants to turn in "untermenschen" (sub-humans) designated by the Nazi Party as racial or political undesirables.
The real impetus towards a unified Federal, State & local police command & control and information interoperability hierarchy began under George Herbert Walker Bush with the meetings on this subject held in San Luis Obispo. Now it is being compounded into hard-shell fascism by the addition to this hierarchy of NorthCom and the General Petraeus militarized CIA (which would've once violated Posse Comitatus had it not already gone the way of habeas corpus and the Bill of Rights except for the 2nd Amendment -- so far).
Our State Department is becoming heavily militarized with large mercenary support armies in Iraq now on the foreign policy side of things. Diplomacy among neo-lib/neo-con Democrats and Republicans has become a "quaint" relic of the past.
Now it's just war, un-Constitutional legalistic persecution and vicious top-down class war against everyone and any civil organization who dares to meaningfully impact the corporatist, militarist bottom lines. The only remedy to this is NUMBERS, ORGANIZATION AND DETERMINED COMMITMENT.
If the existing system isn't working for you, your family or community, join and build the nearest Occupy Together movement to you. If you can't find a job, find an OCCUPATION.
Why? What can they do?
There is a strong stream of support within the movement for building the type of society we want to inhabit from the occupation parks outward to extend to more and more local and regional self-sufficiency/community resiliency support systems.
There are many hurdles to this, but many exciting possibilities as well. We are educating ourselves as to the types of economic models (co-operative, parecon, Mondragon, etc.) that we can develop in our regions to create a parallel economic system, general assembly system, cooperative banking system, a requirement for State-owned infrastructure/co-op start-up/entreprenurial start-up banks in all 50 States working in tandem with a national infrastructure bank, multi-media/journalism environment, educational system, legal aid, medical aid, etc., that serves our working-class, working-poor, under-employed or unemployed needs -- because the established corporatist, militarist, neo-liberal capitalist system increasingly exclusively serves only plutocrats and their upper-middle-class errand boys & girls and applies an entirely separate, protectively insular, upscale "rule of law" to these elites at the expense of the common good, public institutions and public spaces.
The OWS/Occupy Together movements are people's movements who want to be inclusive of everyone alienated, used, maimed, killed, bankrupted, rendered homeless, subjected to illegal foreclosures, lack of adequate or timely health care, sub-standard education, lack of employment opportunity or otherwise betrayed by neo-liberal/neo-conservative capitalism and its increasingly anti-democratic and un-Constitutional police powers.
Thank you for the excellent comments.
Just think where all these gov paid peeing toms would be if certin plane crashes had not happened on 9/11???? they might have had to get real jobs lol >^^<
"IAFIS is already the largest biometric database in the world—it includes 70 million subjects in the criminal master file."
70 million criminals? Seems like an awful lot.
NedB -
Having your mug shot taken after arrest does not make you a criminal. The mug shot may end up in the computerized database along with your fingerprints taken at the jail booking section, along with the biographical information taken off your drivers' license and other ID. There are not 70 million "criminals" in IAFIS. There are 70 million people who once upon a time were photographed and/or fingerprinted by police agencies, agencies which were part of the law enforcement computer database network.
Some of these 70 million are people who were detained but released and never charged with any crime at all. Some others are people who were never even suspected of criminal wrongdoing - such as the folks who are required to go through such identity verification procedures as part of an employment screening process, or to get some sort of government-issued license (a passport, a student identification card, a concealed weapons permit to carry license, etc.).
Bill from Saginaw
Doesn't matter if this giant new system is useful or reliable, or necessary, or fair, or too massive to manage, or if it duplicates what already exists. This is a game by a bunch of smart alec stupid boys to give out very expensive techie contracts and ignore common sense methods to fight whatever the hell they say their target is.
It also adds another level of intimidation from Big Brother, which is now a cozy alliance between police, CIA, FBI, and the private sector security firms and employers. Want that job? Better not find a picture of your face at a union meeting, protest, or peace demonstration. Better not find a picture of someone who looks like you either.
Would it not be so much easier to find Wall Street criminals sitting in their offices and pull them in ? We already know who they are, what they have done, and where they live.
I think the most important part of this article is the concluding paragraphs, when the threat to civil liberties posed by "false positive" computerized facial recognition comes into play. As the author notes, the more faces there are in the digital database, the greater the probability that the system (no matter how sophisticated) will regularly misidentify people.
Where this techology is headed runs parallel to the DNA databases and fingerprint databases that police agencies already use widely. Imagine surveillance footage of an actual crime scene - like those grainy photos of the hooded perps sticking up the convenience store and fleeing out the door that you can see on cable tv shows every night. We've got a crime, perhaps a horrible one. We got no named suspects. All we got is some footage of the perpetrator's face.
Not too far down the road to the brave new world future, an IAFIS check is run, which compares the face from the convenience store stick up to all the millions of faces in the database. 99.9% are excluded by the facial recognition software. But one, or two, or a half dozen, or a dozen, or maybe a hundred faces in the mass national database are separated out. They come back to the investigating police agency, pre-screened as close enough to being a match that follow up inquiry might be worthwhile.
If yesterday some armed robber who does, by sheer coincidence, have a striking resemblance to you stuck up a convenience store a thousand miles away, as an innocent citizen what do you have to fear if the police knock on your door and ask you where you were yesterday at the moment of the crime? If you lead a "typical" middle class American lifestyle, most likely no big sweat. I can remember where I was yesterday at this particular time, probably recall who could vouch for my whereabouts here rather than a thousand miles away, and perhaps even retrieve some corroborating documentation (records from work, debit card receipts, cell phone records, whatever). That's how a simple alibi is corroborated.
However, this can be a very big sweat indeed if the convenience store stick up was local, or if the precise time of the crime was uncertain, or if the event under investigation happened days, or weeks, or months earlier, or if you do not live a "typical" routinized, documented lifestyle. How does the recluse prove he or she was home alone? How does the homeless vagabond pinpoint his or her precise whereabouts on Tuesday evening at 7:34 pm two weeks ago?
It is superficially easy to proclaim that false positive identification presents no threat to your civil rights or privacy if you are an innocent, law abiding citizen with nothing to hide. It is easy, but also very, very reckless to make that broad assertion. Particularly if the crime under investigation is a heinous one and the eyewitness identification evidence is ambiguous, the dangers of false positive identification are magnified.
Actually proving "it wasn't me, I wasn't there" is sometimes flat out impossible. If you have the misfortune of being on the receiving end of a criminal charge, it is invariably a horrendously risky and potentially expensive process. Expansion of this law enforcement facial recognition database enhances the risks mistaken identification greatly.
Bill from Saginaw
With the declared objective of protecting the USA from all enemies external or internal, the gov agencies are now committed to protecting the status quo and incumbent ruling classes from all change and possibility of change. Biometrics are just one of the many technologies that are part of a vast legal and enforcement framework dedicated to one single outcome: Snuffing out all resistance. If you disagree with the powers that be, they can hunt u down and kill u, and they get medals for it.
What's bizarre about reading this is I'd rather have a better ID system in airports as they're describing than the disgusting monster X-ray machine that's just a profit motive for corporate/political buddies. I saw an article about our soldiers using a portable devise in the field that can read and store iris patterns for identifying the local population for elections to tamp down on possible voter fraud. Easier, more efficient, and safer ways to search/confirm people at airports could be utilized here, but is not.